Respiratory disease in Cattle Flashcards

1
Q

environment factors

A
housing
ventilation
stocking density
mixing
sharing air space with other age groups
weather changes
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2
Q

air quality

A

ventilation dependent

check ammonia levels from the bedding at calf height

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3
Q

bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in young calves

A
dairy herd
housed calves
removed form mothers
weaned at 50-80d
chronic or acute (enzootic pneumonia)
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4
Q

enzootic pneumonia

A

usually group affected
decr feed intake
calves are dull
coughing dry/moist is 1st sign

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5
Q

main pathogens

A
mycoplasma dispar, bovis + canis
ureaplasma spp
bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)
para-influenza virus 3 (PI3)
bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
bovine coronavirus
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6
Q

bacteria

A

manheimia haemolytica A1 + 6
pasteurella multocida
arcanobacterium pyogenes
histophilus somni

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7
Q

management of an outbreak

A

treatment
environment
PME of dead calves
identify pathogens

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8
Q

treatment of pneumonia

A

antibiotics

NSAIDs

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9
Q

treatment rules

A
data sheet
when to repeat
muan safety
meat + milk withdrawal time
injection site
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10
Q

effect of prolonged use of NSAIDs

A

serious damage to GIT (abomasal ulcers) + renal failure

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11
Q

identification of pathogens

A

sample calves early in disease
PME
transtracheal wash, BAL, nasopharyngeal swab, serology, faecal exam

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12
Q

bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) - technique + tests run

A

tube via nostril into trachea
flush in saline then withdraaw
send for viral isolation + bacterial culture + sensitivty

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13
Q

swabs

A

guarded nasopharyngeal swabs
bacteriology + virology
specific transport media for bacteria, virus, mycoplasma

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14
Q

paired serology

A

for viruses
2 clotted smaples 14-21 days apart
slow - 4 weeks
antibody titres confused by previous vaccine + maternal antibodies

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15
Q

IBR, bovine herpes virus (BHV) - clinical signs

A

pyrexia
conjunctivitis
coughing
tracheitis

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16
Q

BHV-1.1

A

resp disease

IBR

17
Q

BHV-1.2

A

genital form (rare)
infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV)
infectious pustular balanoposthitis

18
Q

clinical syndromes

A
resp disease - rhinitis, tracheatis + conjunctivitis - all can progress to pneumonia
ocular form
encephalitis
abortion
repro failure
latent infection
19
Q

latency

A
BHV-1 becomes latent after infection
resides in trigeminal ganglion
can last forever
can reactivate after a long time
recrudescence due to stress
can't be detected
20
Q

IBR control

A

know herd status
biosecurity
vaccination
eradication if possible

21
Q

IBR vaccine

A

vaccines work well
will prevent disease if given before exposure
may reduce circulating virus levels
may reduce excretion

22
Q

live vaccines

A

rapid immunity
usually 1 dose
young animals may need 2 due to maternally derived antibodies (MDA)

23
Q

intranasal vaccine

A

local secretory IgA + interferon

rapid protection

24
Q

DIVA

A

marker vaccine

to differentiate between infected + vaccinated

25
Q

non-infectious causes of calf pneumonia

A

aspiration pneumonia

calf diptheria

26
Q

apiration pneumonia - cuase + prognosis

A

v.severe
caused by inhalation of milk/liquids into LRT
associated with stomach tubing
poor prognosis

27
Q

calf diptheria

A

necrotic laryngitis
fusobacterium necrophorum
lesions in mouth, toungue, larynx
foul smelling, necrotic lesions

28
Q

causes of calf diptheria

A

food trapped beteen teeth + buccal mucosa
mucosal injury from sharp teeth in calves 1-4 months old
poor hygiene of feeding equipment

29
Q

calf diptheria - clinical signs

A

excessive salivation
foul breath
swollen cheeks + abscesses
incr resp noise

30
Q

calf diptheria - treatment

A

antibiotics

tracheostomy/surgery to debride lesions in severe cases

31
Q

shipping fever - clincal signs

A

sudden onset
pyrexia, inappetence. incr resp rate, cough, incr resp noise, grunting
found dead

32
Q

pathogen causing BRD in older calves

A

manheimia haemolytica
pasteurella hultocida
various other bacteria + viruses

33
Q

what is fog fever

A

acute bovine pulmonary oedema and emphysema

aptypical interstitial pneumonia

34
Q

fog fever - cause + prognosis

A

non infectious
from grazing too much lush pasture
L-tryptophan in grass - indole acetic acid (IAA) in rumen - converts to 3-methyl indole (3MI) which is toxic to lungs
commonly fatal + hard to treat

35
Q

fog fever - clinical signs

A

sudden onset
v.severe but varies within a group
froth at mouth
may get distressed/die when moving - take care
subcutaneous emphysema over back + thorax

36
Q

fog fever - treament

A

reomve from pasture asap

NSAIDs, diuretics, corticosteriods (not in pregnant cows)

37
Q

fog fever - prevention

A

restrict lush pasture access
strip grazing
feed hay before + during initial new grazing period
don’t over fertilize pasture

38
Q

bovine farmers lung

A

hypersensitivity after inhalation of allergens from moulds
often from poorly made hay
housed cattle with poor ventilation
acute - mouth breathing, cough, decr milk yield
chronic - weight loss, cough