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Respiratory > Coughing in Horses > Flashcards

Coughing in Horses Flashcards

1
Q

Coughing in foals + weanlings - DDX - URT

A

EHV 1+4
equine influenza
strep. equi equi

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2
Q

Coughing in foals + weanlings - DDX - LRT

A 
EHV 1+4
equine influenza
undifferentiated resp tract infection
strep zooepidemicus
rhodococcus equi
strep. equi equi
parascaris equorum
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3
Q

bacterial pneumonia - causes

A

strep zooepidemicus + rhodococcus equi most important

actinobacillus, klebsiella, staph aureus, bordatella, mycoplasma

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4
Q

bacterial pneumonia - clinical signs

A

mild pyrexia
cough
auscultable changes

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5
Q

bacterial pneumonia - diagnosis

A

history, clinical signs, further tests

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6
Q

bacterial pneumonia - further tests

A

endoscopy - mucopurulent exudate in trachea
radiography - bronchointerstitial pattern
cytological exam of BAL or tracheal aspirate - incr degenerate neurophils with intracellular bacteria

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7
Q

bacterial pneumonia - treatment

A

antibiotics

rest + dust free environment

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8
Q

Coughing in adults - DDX - URT

A

EHV 1+4
equine influenza
strep. equi equi
EVA

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9
Q

Coughing in adults - DDX - LRT

A 
EHV 1+4
equine influenza
strep. equi equi
EVA
equine rhinoviruses
strep zooepidemicus
strep pneumonia
pasteurella/actinobacillus
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10
Q

epidemiology - URT

A

less common than LRT

mainly young horses

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11
Q

epidemiology - LRT

A

common in all racing age groups

bacterial + viral infection can occur together

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12
Q

clinical signs - URT

A

fever
nasal discharge
coughing
enlarged submandibular LN

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13
Q

clinical signs - LRT

A

(fever, nasal discharge)
coughing
mucoid tracheal secretion +/- haemorrhge
poor performance

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14
Q

Equine herpes virus 1 + 4

A 
endemic in UK + worldwide
75% have latent infection
stress may activate latent infection
1st exposure as foal from the mare
immunity short
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15
Q

site of latency for EHV 1+4

A

bronchial + submandibular LNs

trigeminal ganglia

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16
Q

Equine herpes virus 1 + 4 - pathogenesis

A

inhalation
replicates in URT epithelium - disseminates to LRT - transports to other organs by T lymphocytes
viaemic for 3 weeks
vasculitis, neurological disease, abortion

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17
Q

equine influenza virus

A

worldwide
highly infectious - via aerosol
vaccinated animals susceptible to infection within 2-3 months
partial immunity may stop clinical signs but allow spreading

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18
Q

equine influenza virus - pathogenesis

A

epithelial cells of upper + lower airways
laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis
loss of ciliated epithelium
compromise of mucocillary mechanism

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19
Q

how can URT infection be indentified

A

clinical signs

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20
Q

how can LRT infection be indentified

A

clinical signs/poor performance
endoscopy + LRT samples - incr degenerate neutrophils, mucopus
haematology - neutropenia/philia, lymphopenia/cytosis, hyperfibrogenaemia

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21
Q

how to definitively diagnose EHV 1+4

A

blood
nasopharyngeal swab
serology - paired samples

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22
Q

treating viral infection

A 
isolate
limit stress
NSAIDs - limit pyrexia + improve appetite
specific anti-virals
monitor for secondary infection
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23
Q

treating bacterial infection

A 
antibiotics
improve environment, decr dust + stress
anti-pyretics
mucolytics
bronchodilators
24
Q

Equine influenza vaccine

A

often changing + not entirely effective

necessary for racing - annual booster or within 6m + 21d of competition

25
Q

EHV 1+4 vaccination

A

natural immunity short - unlikely to improve with vaccine

modified live or inactivated vaccine

26
Q

other causes of coughing - common

A

RAO, SPAOPD, IAD

27
Q

other causes of coughing - fairly common

A

aspiration pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, LSHF, epiglottic entrapment, URT foreign body

28
Q

other causes of coughing - uncommon

A

TB, lungworm, tracheal stenosis/collapse, inhalation pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, neoplasia

29
Q

recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) - define

A

aka chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
naturally occuring LRT disease - reversible airway obstruction
neutrophil accumulat
bronchospasmion
mucous production
life long disease

30
Q

RAO - pathogenesis

A

spores + allergens in bronchioles - immune reaction - types 1,2+4
causes bronchoconstriction, mucous production + airway infl

31
Q

RAO - acute clinical signs

A

incr resp effort

double expiratory effort/dyspneoa

32
Q

RAO - chronic clinical signs

A

varies in severity
poor performance
hypertrophy of abdominals

33
Q

RAO - diagnosis

A

history + PE
tracheal wash/bronchoalveolar lavage + rule out bacterial pneumonia
radiography/ultrasonography
endoscopy - assess infl + tracheal aspirate
cytology - incr cellularity + mucous, non-degenerate neutrophils, curshmann’s spirals

34
Q

4 areas for RAO treatment

A

environment
reverse bronchoconstriction
decr pulmonary infl
decr mucous accumulation

35
Q

Summer pasture associated pulmonary disease (SPAPD)

A

as for RAO except from management

allergens are pasture based so affected horses should be stabled

36
Q

inflammatory airway disease (IAD)

A

excessive mucous in airway

may have cough/poor performance but often subclinical

37
Q

IAD - causes - bacterial

A

strep zooepidemicus
strep pneumoniae
actinobacillus
mycoplasma

38
Q

IAD - diagnosis

A

endoscopy to see tracheal mucous + cytology of tracheal aspirate

39
Q

IAD - treatment

A

antibiotics
interferons
corticosteroids
decr dust

40
Q

Rhodococcus equi

A

gram +ve, widespread in environment
obligate aerobe, doesn’t multiply within the gut
accumulates in the gut + faeces
survives in soil for at least 12 months in hot dry conditions

41
Q

Rhodococcus equi - Epizootiology

A

Spread via inhalation of soil/faeces, also detected in
exhaled air from infected foals
dusty paddocks and stables
incomplete manure removal
endemically affected farms
Seasonal – late spring/summer
High aerosol challenge + high no. of susceptible foals

42
Q

Rhodococcus equi - Pneumonia - clinical effects

A

Affects foals 1-6 months old
Scavenged by alveolar macrophages, but not killed
Destruction of macrophages - pyogranulomatous response
Bronchopneumonia with widespread abscess formation

43
Q

Rhodococcus equi - Pneumonia - clinical signs

A

Anorexia
Depression
Fever
Dyspnoea, tachypnoea
Cough
Varies from insidious to extremely acute onset
Subacute form - May be found dead or with acute resp distress + pyrexia

44
Q

Rhodococcus equi - Diagnosis

A 
Fibrinogen
Neutrophilia
tracheal wash
Culture
gram-stain cytology, Serology, PCR VapA gene
radiography, Ultrasonography
Post mortem
45
Q

Rhodococcus equi - Intestinal Form

A

74% foals with R equi have extrapulmonary disease
Most commonly GI: 48% respiratory + intestinal
4% intestinal only
ulcerative enterocolitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, abscess formation, secondary peritonitis
Reduced survival cf respiratory alone

46
Q

Rhodococcus equi - Intestinal Form - clinical signs

A 
Depression and Fever
Diarrhoea
Colic
Weight loss/failure to grow
Poor prognosis
47
Q

Rhodococcus equi - Intestinal Form - diagnosis

A

R equi in faeces is not diagnostic
Farm Hx, clinical signs and haematology
Post-mortem examination

48
Q

Rhodococcus equi - treatment - antibiotic selection

A

erythromycin + rifampin
Clarithromycin or azthromycin with rifampin
combinations decr likelihood of resistance

49
Q

Rhodococcus equi - prevention

A 
Difficult since the organism is shed in faeces
housing - clean + dust free
Isolate sick foals
Prophylaxis with hyperimmune plasma
No effective vaccine
50
Q

Equine Rhinovirus - epidemiology + clinical signs

A

Can be isolated from asymptomatic horses as well as those with signs of URTI
Most common in young horses
Subclinical or mild URT signs

51
Q

Equine Rhinovirus - diagnosis + treatment

A

Diagnosis – virus isolation from NP swab

Treatment - symptomatic

52
Q

EquineViralArteritis - transmission

A

venereal infection
contact with aborted foetuses + products of parturition
aerosol
Reservoir of infections - Stallions - chronic shedders

53
Q

EquineViralArteritis - pathogenesis

A

replicates in macrophages - LN - leukocyte-associated viremia
Localises in endothelial cells esp + epithelium of certain tissues esp the adrenals, seminiferous tubules, thyroid, and liver

54
Q

EquineViralArteritis - clinical signs

A

Often none
abortion and still birth
Fever, anorexia, oedema, lacrimation, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, coughing
Necrotising arteritis oedema and haemorrhage

55
Q

EquineViralArteritis - diagnosis and treatment

A

Blood samples, nasal swabs and semen for isolation of virus or detection of the viral
RNA by PCR
Serology
Treatment - Symptomatic

56
Q

EquineViralArteritis - prevention

A

vaccine

Respiratory (21 decks)

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