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Coughing in Horses Flashcards

1
Q

Coughing in foals + weanlings - DDX - URT

A

EHV 1+4
equine influenza
strep. equi equi

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2
Q

Coughing in foals + weanlings - DDX - LRT

A 
EHV 1+4
equine influenza
undifferentiated resp tract infection
strep zooepidemicus
rhodococcus equi
strep. equi equi
parascaris equorum
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3
Q

bacterial pneumonia - causes

A

strep zooepidemicus + rhodococcus equi most important

actinobacillus, klebsiella, staph aureus, bordatella, mycoplasma

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4
Q

bacterial pneumonia - clinical signs

A

mild pyrexia
cough
auscultable changes

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5
Q

bacterial pneumonia - diagnosis

A

history, clinical signs, further tests

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6
Q

bacterial pneumonia - further tests

A

endoscopy - mucopurulent exudate in trachea
radiography - bronchointerstitial pattern
cytological exam of BAL or tracheal aspirate - incr degenerate neurophils with intracellular bacteria

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7
Q

bacterial pneumonia - treatment

A

antibiotics

rest + dust free environment

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8
Q

Coughing in adults - DDX - URT

A

EHV 1+4
equine influenza
strep. equi equi
EVA

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9
Q

Coughing in adults - DDX - LRT

A 
EHV 1+4
equine influenza
strep. equi equi
EVA
equine rhinoviruses
strep zooepidemicus
strep pneumonia
pasteurella/actinobacillus
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10
Q

epidemiology - URT

A

less common than LRT

mainly young horses

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11
Q

epidemiology - LRT

A

common in all racing age groups

bacterial + viral infection can occur together

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12
Q

clinical signs - URT

A

fever
nasal discharge
coughing
enlarged submandibular LN

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13
Q

clinical signs - LRT

A

(fever, nasal discharge)
coughing
mucoid tracheal secretion +/- haemorrhge
poor performance

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14
Q

Equine herpes virus 1 + 4

A 
endemic in UK + worldwide
75% have latent infection
stress may activate latent infection
1st exposure as foal from the mare
immunity short
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15
Q

site of latency for EHV 1+4

A

bronchial + submandibular LNs

trigeminal ganglia

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16
Q

Equine herpes virus 1 + 4 - pathogenesis

A

inhalation
replicates in URT epithelium - disseminates to LRT - transports to other organs by T lymphocytes
viaemic for 3 weeks
vasculitis, neurological disease, abortion

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17
Q

equine influenza virus

A

worldwide
highly infectious - via aerosol
vaccinated animals susceptible to infection within 2-3 months
partial immunity may stop clinical signs but allow spreading

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18
Q

equine influenza virus - pathogenesis

A

epithelial cells of upper + lower airways
laryngitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis
loss of ciliated epithelium
compromise of mucocillary mechanism

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19
Q

how can URT infection be indentified

A

clinical signs

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20
Q

how can LRT infection be indentified

A

clinical signs/poor performance
endoscopy + LRT samples - incr degenerate neutrophils, mucopus
haematology - neutropenia/philia, lymphopenia/cytosis, hyperfibrogenaemia

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21
Q

how to definitively diagnose EHV 1+4

A

blood
nasopharyngeal swab
serology - paired samples

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22
Q

treating viral infection

A 
isolate
limit stress
NSAIDs - limit pyrexia + improve appetite
specific anti-virals
monitor for secondary infection
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23
Q

treating bacterial infection

A 
antibiotics
improve environment, decr dust + stress
anti-pyretics
mucolytics
bronchodilators
24
Q

Equine influenza vaccine

A

often changing + not entirely effective

necessary for racing - annual booster or within 6m + 21d of competition

25
EHV 1+4 vaccination
natural immunity short - unlikely to improve with vaccine | modified live or inactivated vaccine
26
other causes of coughing - common
RAO, SPAOPD, IAD
27
other causes of coughing - fairly common
aspiration pneumonia, pleuropneumonia, LSHF, epiglottic entrapment, URT foreign body
28
other causes of coughing - uncommon
TB, lungworm, tracheal stenosis/collapse, inhalation pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, neoplasia
29
recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) - define
aka chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) naturally occuring LRT disease - reversible airway obstruction neutrophil accumulat bronchospasmion mucous production life long disease
30
RAO - pathogenesis
spores + allergens in bronchioles - immune reaction - types 1,2+4 causes bronchoconstriction, mucous production + airway infl
31
RAO - acute clinical signs
incr resp effort | double expiratory effort/dyspneoa
32
RAO - chronic clinical signs
varies in severity poor performance hypertrophy of abdominals
33
RAO - diagnosis
history + PE tracheal wash/bronchoalveolar lavage + rule out bacterial pneumonia radiography/ultrasonography endoscopy - assess infl + tracheal aspirate cytology - incr cellularity + mucous, non-degenerate neutrophils, curshmann's spirals
34
4 areas for RAO treatment
environment reverse bronchoconstriction decr pulmonary infl decr mucous accumulation
35
Summer pasture associated pulmonary disease (SPAPD)
as for RAO except from management | allergens are pasture based so affected horses should be stabled
36
inflammatory airway disease (IAD)
excessive mucous in airway | may have cough/poor performance but often subclinical
37
IAD - causes - bacterial
strep zooepidemicus strep pneumoniae actinobacillus mycoplasma
38
IAD - diagnosis
endoscopy to see tracheal mucous + cytology of tracheal aspirate
39
IAD - treatment
antibiotics interferons corticosteroids decr dust
40
Rhodococcus equi
gram +ve, widespread in environment obligate aerobe, doesn't multiply within the gut accumulates in the gut + faeces survives in soil for at least 12 months in hot dry conditions
41
Rhodococcus equi - Epizootiology
Spread via inhalation of soil/faeces, also detected in exhaled air from infected foals dusty paddocks and stables incomplete manure removal endemically affected farms Seasonal – late spring/summer High aerosol challenge + high no. of susceptible foals
42
Rhodococcus equi - Pneumonia - clinical effects
Affects foals 1-6 months old Scavenged by alveolar macrophages, but not killed Destruction of macrophages - pyogranulomatous response Bronchopneumonia with widespread abscess formation
43
Rhodococcus equi - Pneumonia - clinical signs
Anorexia Depression Fever Dyspnoea, tachypnoea Cough Varies from insidious to extremely acute onset Subacute form - May be found dead or with acute resp distress + pyrexia
44
Rhodococcus equi - Diagnosis
``` Fibrinogen Neutrophilia tracheal wash Culture gram-stain cytology, Serology, PCR VapA gene radiography, Ultrasonography Post mortem ```
45
Rhodococcus equi - Intestinal Form
74% foals with R equi have extrapulmonary disease Most commonly GI: 48% respiratory + intestinal 4% intestinal only ulcerative enterocolitis, mesenteric lymphadenitis, abscess formation, secondary peritonitis Reduced survival cf respiratory alone
46
Rhodococcus equi - Intestinal Form - clinical signs
``` Depression and Fever Diarrhoea Colic Weight loss/failure to grow Poor prognosis ```
47
Rhodococcus equi - Intestinal Form - diagnosis
R equi in faeces is not diagnostic Farm Hx, clinical signs and haematology Post-mortem examination
48
Rhodococcus equi - treatment - antibiotic selection
erythromycin + rifampin Clarithromycin or azthromycin with rifampin combinations decr likelihood of resistance
49
Rhodococcus equi - prevention
``` Difficult since the organism is shed in faeces housing - clean + dust free Isolate sick foals Prophylaxis with hyperimmune plasma No effective vaccine ```
50
Equine Rhinovirus - epidemiology + clinical signs
Can be isolated from asymptomatic horses as well as those with signs of URTI Most common in young horses Subclinical or mild URT signs
51
Equine Rhinovirus - diagnosis + treatment
Diagnosis – virus isolation from NP swab | Treatment - symptomatic
52
Equine Viral Arteritis - transmission
venereal infection contact with aborted foetuses + products of parturition aerosol Reservoir of infections - Stallions - chronic shedders
53
Equine Viral Arteritis - pathogenesis
replicates in macrophages - LN - leukocyte-associated viremia Localises in endothelial cells esp + epithelium of certain tissues esp the adrenals, seminiferous tubules, thyroid, and liver
54
Equine Viral Arteritis - clinical signs
Often none abortion and still birth Fever, anorexia, oedema, lacrimation, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, coughing Necrotising arteritis oedema and haemorrhage
55
Equine Viral Arteritis - diagnosis and treatment
Blood samples, nasal swabs and semen for isolation of virus or detection of the viral RNA by PCR Serology Treatment - Symptomatic
56
Equine Viral Arteritis - prevention
vaccine

Respiratory (21 decks)

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