Surgery (2) Flashcards
Complications of breast surgery
- Haematoma
- Frozen Shoulder
- Long thoracic nerve palsy
- Lymphoedema
Match these


How can be breast ca describe (2 simple types)
- carcinoma in situ
- invasive
The most common type of breast cancer
Invasive ductal carcinoma
Risk factors for breast cancer
- BRCA
- Family history
- obesity
- hormone use (HRT/COCP)
- nulliparity
What are these?

1- Cullens
2 - Grey- Turners
Ix for suspected pancreatitis
- Bedside → urine dip, ECG
- Bloods → FBC, U&Es, LFTs, albumin, amylase/lipase, bone profile, blood glucose, ABG, inflammatory markers
- Imaging → USS Abdomen, Erect CXR/AXR
- Invasive → if gallstones suspected → MRCP
Causes of pancreatitis

Scoring systems for pancreatitis - describe

Management of pancreatitis
- ABCDE
- Fluid resuscitation
- Adequate analgesia → opioids
- antibiotics (although conflicting evidence)→ IV Cefuroxime
- Urgent therapeutic ERCP → if suspected gallstones or if fulfil criteria for severe pancreatitis with either cholangitis, jaundice or dilated common bile duct
Early and late complications of acute pancreatitis
Early
- Shock
- Renal Failure
- ARDS
- Hypocalcaemia
- Hyperglycaemia
Late
- Pancreatic pseudocyst
- Pancreatic necrosis
- T1DM
- Chronic pancreatitis
Possible ways (conditions) of gallstone presentation
- Biliary Colic
- Acute cholecystitis
- Ascending cholangitis
- Mucocoele
- Pancreatitis
- Gallstone ileus
- Mirrizi syndrome
Pre - hepatic causes of jaundice

Intra-hepatic causes of jaundice

Post-hepatic causes of jaundice

Courvoisier’s law
Courvoisier’s law
Presence of a palpably enlarged gallbladder which is non-tender and accompanied with mild painless jaundice, the cause is unlikely to be gallstones
Most common type of pancreatic cancer
80% of pancreatic ca is adenocarcinoma
Associations with pancreatic cancer
- ↑age
- smoking
- diabetes
- HNPCC
- MEN
- BRCA2
- chronic pancreatitis
Features of pancreatic cancer
- Painless jaundice
- loss of exocrine function (steatorrhoea)
- Migratory thrombophlebitis (Trousseau sign) is more common than other cancers
Treatment of pancreatic cancer
- Less than 20% suitable for surgery at diagnosis
- If surgery possible → Whipple’s resection for resectable lesions + chemotherapy
Match the following


Ix for possible bowel obstruction
History, Abdo exam, PR exam
- Bedside → urine dip, ECG
- Bloods → FBC, U&Es, LFTs, albumin, amylase/lipase, ABG, CRP
- Imaging →USS Abdomen, Erect CXR/AXR, ?CT
What’s that? (spot diagnosis)

Small bowel obstruction
