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Superpowers Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a superpower

A

a nation with the ability to project its influence anywhere

-dominant global force

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2
Q

What is a hyperpower

A

superpower dominant in all aspects of power (political, economic, cultural, military)

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3
Q

Name the 5 pillars of superpower status

A

-military
-political
-cultural
-resources
-economic

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4
Q

What is economic power

A

base of temple and prerequiste of power

-large, powerful economy enables nation -> control trade, have strong military forces, exploit natural resources

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5
Q

What is military power

A

can be used to threaten/ invade other countries (hard power)

or achieve geo-political goals (UN Peacekeeping)

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6
Q

What is cultural power

A

way of projecting a nation’s cultural values on others can change the way other
populations think and align their ideology with the superpower’s culture

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7
Q

What are resources

A

physical resources (fossil fuels, minerals, land) -> can help a nation develop their economy & power over other countries

human resources (level of education, skills) -> large human workforce -> develop economy

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8
Q

What are emerging superpowers

A

countries with a large role in one of more superpower characteristics, and with growing influence.
E.g. China, Brazil, India, Russia (BRICS)

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9
Q

What is diplomacy

A

descision making that takes place between nations -> international agreements

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10
Q

What is hard power

A

using military and economic influence (trade deals, sanctions) to force a country to act in a particular way.

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11
Q

What is soft power

A

more subtle persuasion of countries to act in a particular way, on the basis that the persuader is respected and appealing. Includes political persuasion (diplomacy) and cultural influence.

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12
Q

What is economic npower

A

-economic/ development aid from one nation to another

-signing favourable trade agreements to increase economic ties

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13
Q

Which is more effective hard power or soft power

A

hard power: can get results, but expensive and risky.

military action seen as unnecessary or illegal,

soft power: relies on a country having respected culture, values and politics, which may be enough to persuade some countries but not others.

low cost, about creating alliances and friendly relations, may spread to other countries.

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14
Q

What is WW Rostow’s ‘Take Off’ model (modernisation theory)

A

illustrates how countries move from relative underdevelopment to a state of high mass consumption

-believed that all countries would follow the same pathway;

-traditional society
-preconditions for take-off
-take off
-drive to maturity
-age of high mass consumption

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15
Q

What does Rostow’s theory consider

A

considers how some nations become wealthy and powerfulv-> it describes the process of economic change & growth

-doesn’t help us understand political & cultural aspects

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16
Q

What is AG Frank’s Dependency Theory

A

relationship between developed and developing countries is one of dependency
This prevents developing countries from making economic progress

17
Q

Provide an example of hard power

A

USA

1991: organised and led the coalition to expel Iraqi forces that had invaded Kuwait in the First Gulf War
2003: invaded Iraq in the Second Gulf War when economic sanctions (softer power) failed to persuade President Saddam Hussein to change policy

18
Q

Provide an example of soft power

A

UK

Described by foreign secretary Douglas Hurd in the 1980s as ‘punching above her weight’D
5th largest economy - attractive market and source of TNC FDI.
Diplomacy - one of the largest networks of diplomats and embassies in the world.
According to Henry Kissinger in the 1970s, the UK benefits from its moral authority.
BBC World Service - more neutral and reliable than many government broadcasters. Worldwide news and programmes.
Films (Pride and Prejudice), television (Downton Abbey) and literature (Harry Potter)
City of London (and New York) dominate international finance, banking and law - setting standards and values

19
Q

What does the Heartland Theory produced by Halford Mackinder suggest

A

states world island of europe, asia, africa contains most of world’s natural resources

-heartland is area of central asia bordered by hialayas, russians, artic

-hard to invade -> physical barriers in way

-meaning its a power base allowing control of world island

20
Q

Why was the Heartland named a geo-strategic location

A

as whoever controlled it
would control large amount of physical and human resources.

21
Q

Why was Mackinders heartlands geo-strategic location theory influential

A

as whoever controlled it would control large amount of physical and human resources

22
Q

Why is the heartland theory not as important today

A

-technology has advanced, transportation improbed -> shrinking world

-> reduced imortance of this theory as resources can now be easily transported around world

23
Q

What is a unipolar world

A

where one country dominates

24
Q

What is a bi-polar world

A

where theres 2 main superpowers with opposing ideas and ideologies

25
Q

What is a multi-polar world

A

Where there are several powers and emerging powers competing
for power and global influence.

26
Q

What is a blue water navy?

A

One which can deploy into the open ocean rather than only littoral waters (this is a green water navy)

27
Q

What is diplomacy?

A

The negotiation and decision making that takes place between nations as part of international relations, leading to agreements/treaties

28
Q

What is ideology?

A

A set of belief, values and opinions held by the majority of people in a society.

29
Q

Name the theories and ideas which explained why different powers occur at different times

A

-The Power Spectrum - diff approaches a country may have in influencing their power/ culture

-Mackinder’s Geo-Strategic Location Theory

-Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

-Rostow’s Modernisation Theory

30
Q

Describe the ‘power spectrum’

A

-different approaches a country has in influencing their power

-hard power -> using military & direct political intervention -> through military action, economic sancs,

-soft power -> attracting national governments & individuals through; attractive culture, trade alliances

31
Q

Describe Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory

A

identfies 2 different economic areas -> the core, the periphery

-core regions -> economic powerhouses, control most aspects of global trade; trade agreements, currency

-they trade with periphery regions who often provide labour, materials for core nations

32
Q

What does Wallerstein’s theory suggest in terms of inequality in wealth

A
  • in past -> core & periphery relationships were purely exploutative

-> hard power meant periphery regions were forced to provide their natural resources

-> e.g. british empires exploitation of india for natural resources

-> now relationship between 2 centres around soft power (trade) -> benefits core region more than periphery

33
Q

Describe Rostow’s Modernisation Theory

A

-believes countries pass through 5 stages as they grow economically & become developed:

Traditional Society - country’s economy is based on primary industry -> agriculture, small-scale mining, foraging, fishing -> minimal technology/ scientific knowledge which protects the country’s traditional culture, religion and values.

● Pre-conditions for Take Off - theres demand for raw materials & trade by
external countries. ^ construction of infrastructure -> ^ businesses and FDI.

● Take Off - rapid Industrialisation, -> ^ employment opportunities, productivity.

Drive to Maturity - Over a period of time, ^ economy -> new industries & investment -> ^ jobs, improving services through increased tax -> positive feedback mechanism of gradually improving living conditions.

● High Mass Consumption - Developed countries, in Rostow’s opinion, are countries who are capitalistic and consumers hold the most valuable opinion. Often goods a

34
Q

Name the 4 limitations to Rostow’s model

A

-only considers the advancement of development, so doesn’t describe a
nation that is declining.

geography (55 decks)

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