Diverse Places Flashcards
What is the rural-urban continuum
transition from sparsely populated rural places to densely populated urban places
What is population density
the number of people living in each unit of area
Describe how the population has changed in the UK in the last 50 years
population of the UK has grown unevenly
some regions growing rapidly ( London and the
south-east)
others grown more slowly (the north-east of England).
Definition of place
web of characteristics, flows and perceptions attached to a specific place
Definition of sense of place
the subjective and emotional attachment to a place
Definition of population structure
composition of the population of a country, region, or area
Describe population structure in Newham, Inner London
- population: 314, 100
- dominated by 21-40 year olds- easily accessible for work and leisure
- regeneration- led to more housing
- internal migration- uni students, young graduates, enticed- lots of jobs- pulls them in
- international migration- 55% of Newhams pop = foreign-born residents- continually increasing
natural increase- high fertility rate- 76.6 per 1000 general fertility rate
Describe population structure in Kingston-Upon Thames, Outer London
- population: 163, 900
- average age- 37- wealthy area- place people move to to raise families
- international migration- 20%
- internal migration- older people move here- higher ageing population- outer suburbs- quieter, nicer area
-
Describe population structure in North Yorkshire, rural county
- population: 602, 600
- average age- 39.8-
- internal migration- ageing population- retired people- those seeking country living
- international migration- low- not mahy jobs/ leisure- less than 5% of people are born outsiude UK
Describe population structure in Highland, Scotland, remote rural area
population: 232, 950
- average age- 43.2
- internal migration- ageing population- retired people- families- seeking rural lifestyle
- international migration- low- accessibility to rest of UK- hard- weather conditions- difficult to commute to other Scottish cities
Name the factors affecting population density within an urban area
-use
- low pop dens in CBD- commercial activities, concentration of public buildings
- high pop dens- inner urban ridge- redeveloped more conventional modern housing- house oppos
- decreased pop dens- interwar suburban depression- semi-detached/ detached housing- spacious- less ppl concentrated in one area
- built during war
- increase in pop dens- urban fringe cliff- due to flats built on edge of city- easy commute into city
- decrease in pop dens- rural fringe- green belt land around edge of city- prevents urban sprawl (spreading of city outwards)
-
How does physical environment affect population density in an area
flat areas are ideal for residential development as building houses on slopes is more expensive
-so steep slopes and flood plains are avoided unless residential space is urgent
How does socio-economic status affect population density in an area
- wealthy members tend to live in expensive housing- in low pop dens
- meaning poorer ppl are left living in UKs industrial towns- pollution, noise, smell
How does dwelling type and household size affect population density in an area
-high incidence of flats generates high pop dens than detached houses estates
What is the demographic transition model
model representing changing rates of fertility and mortality over time and how they affect rates of population growth
What is the rural-urban continuum model
model for how population density and structure changes with distance away from urban areas and towards rural areas
What are the key concepts of the rural-urban continuum model
The key concept of model is accessibility.
more accessible a rural settlement is to
city, the more urban characteristics it
will have.
-e.g. A village down a narrow lane is less
accessible and will stay more ‘rural’.
Explain how urban areas relate to fertility rates and mortality rates
- urban places have younger, more etnically diverse populations
- 20-40 years old
- high fertility rates
- mortality rates low
Explain how rural areas relate to fertility rates and mortality rates
rural places-
How ands why has the UK’s population grown
increase in life expectancy, improved food supplies and clean water led to rapid population growth during the 1800s.
- low mortality rate: modern healthcare, widely available, free by the NHS
- modern medicines treat many diseases
- higher incomes enable people to eat a healthy diet and have good living conditions
-high fertility rates : increase in internal and international migrants- of fertility age- moved for job ops
Describe the differences in population structures along the rural-urban continuum
- low pop dens in CBD- commercial activities, concentration of public buildings
- high pop dens- inner urban ridge- redeveloped more conventional modern housing- house oppos
- decreased pop dens- interwar suburban depression- semi-detached/ detached housing- spacious- less ppl concentrated in one area
- built during war
- increase in pop dens- urban fringe cliff- due to flats built on edge of city- easy commute into city
- decrease in pop dens- rural fringe- green belt land around edge of city- prevents urban sprawl (spreading of city outwards)
-
Describe the differences in population structure along rural-urban continuum
-lower ageing pop- people retire in more rural areas
rural areas- lower fertility rates- fertility age migrate to city for work-
-higher mortality rate- internal migration- elderly retire rural areas
Desrcibe the rural-urban continuum model
- large city
- green belt
- small village turned into overspill town
- suburbanised village with old core
- small suburbanised village with old core
- more remote village
- village with mainly second homes
How migration rates differ across the uk
-urban areas
- urban areas such as Inner London, Newham,
- 55% of its population- foreign born
- av age 31
- ethnic enclaves occur in these areas- creating more cultural diversity within area- attracts other migrants to area
- social clustering of diff ethnic communties- also attract international migrants to an area- common in urban raeas
- job opportunities- skill shortages in UK force companies to recruit overseas workers
- internal migrants tend to move from inner city areas- outer suburban areas- start family- peace- wealthier
How migration rates differ across the uk
-rural areas
- rural area, North Yorkshire
- av age: 39
- less than 5% pop born outside UK
- no social clustering- can be unattractive- no culture
- limited job opportunities
- not easily accessible to urban areas- hard to commute- hence lack of international migrants
- mainly internal migration- elderly migrating- retirement and those seeking country living
What is cultural diversity
existence of a variety of ethnic groups in a city
£Why does cultural diversity and social clustering occur
- as ethnic communities migrate to live close to their families and friends of the same culture
- more ethnic ppl migrating to the area means a development and increase in the local specialist shops selling the preferred cultural food
- this can attract tourists and other people to the area, economically benefitting it, by having culturally diverse resturants, shops, worship places
Impacts of changing cultural diversity on places
- ECONOMICALLY BOOSTS AJ AREA- attracts tourists- restaurants, shops, places of worship
- attracts other international migrations- social clustering
- leads to increase in skilled workers coming from abroad- boosts economy
-SOCIALLY BOOSTS AN AREA- promotes humanistic values- place feels welcoming
Definition of cultrual change
modification of society through innovation, invention, disocvery or contact with other societies
Name 2 pathways of cultural change
-changing mix of ethnic groups- cultural change is consolidated if immigrants are concentrated in certain area and natural increase rises
What does population structure and density vary according too
varies according to
placement in rural-urban continuum and, therefore
accessibility, physical factors, historical development and the
role of planning
Name 2 factors affecting population strcuture and dynamics
- differences
in fertility and mortality rates
-international and
internal migration
Give the percentage of white, british living in Tower Hamlets, London compared to East Devon
TH- 31.2%
ED- 93.2%
What does the demographic transition model show
there is a correlation between the development
of a country and its birth and death rates
Describe stage 1 of the demographic transition model
high birth and death rates- total population is quite low
country- poorly developed
birth rates high- lack of contraception, education
dath rates high- malnutriton no healthcare
Describe stage 2 of the demographic transition model
Death rate decreases while birth rate stays high- population size increases
-country has become more developed- more money to spend on hospitals
Describe stage 3 of the demographic transition model
Death rate decreases, birth rates decreases population expands more rapidly
-more developed country- women have more rights- educated- contraception- fasmily planning advice
Describe stage 4 of the demographic transition model
Birth rate, death rates much lower and have plateaued
How is population structure different in rural and urban areas
- Dense population in major cities (89% of Englands pop)
- Lowest population density in rural areas (11% of Eng’s pop)
State 3 reasons for changes in the UK’s population
- birth rate
- death rate
- migration
Name 2 reasons as to why birth rates have increased in the UK
-Population Growth - as pop increases, number of child-bearing people
increases so rate of pop growth increases.
- Government Policy - (Maternity/Paternity leave)
Name 2 reasons as to why birth rates may decline in the UK
- use of contraception, is more widespread- free access, sex ed taught in sch
-financial cost- expensive- some families are choosing to have less
children.
Name 2 reasons as to why death rates have decreased in the UK
Advancement in medicine - lots diseases have been eradicated, access to healthcare has improved
Clean water and sanitation
Name 2 reasons as to why birth rates may increase in the UK
- smoking
- alcohol
Name 4 reasons as to why there has been a large increase in inward international migration to the UK
- Political alliances, especially with Commonwealth countries.
- Lower price of long-distance travel
- War and conflict
- employment opportunities
Meaning of a sense of place
-strong identity and character felt by local people and visitors
What is meaning of place
how a person/group perceives a place
Meaning of perception
individuals view of reality
Meaning of living space
land given over to housing
How has the perception of areas changed?
-(use London as an example)
- Victorian London pecreption: working conditions- dangerous, unhealthy
- poorly sanitised- frequent outbreaks of disease
- high crime rates
- London today: attractive place, drawing in migrants due to its
- wide range of job opportunities
- variety of entertainment, social services
- safe
- healthy
Name 6 realities of living in urban areas
- high living costs
- low environmental quality
- crime
- ethnic diversity
- social isolation
- the elderly
Why might urban areas be seen as undesirable in terms of high living costs
- high cost of housing
- high cost of commuting
- higher costs of food
-resulting in urban dwellers not being better off than their rural equivalents
Why might urban areas be seen as undesirable in terms of low environmental quality
-many urban people live in poor-quality environments:
- unsatisfactory housing
- polluted air
- noise, light pollution
- antisocial behaviour
-you wouldnt find this in rural areas
Why might urban areas be seen as undesirable in terms of crime rates
- crime rates are much higher in urban areas
- people arent as safe
Why might urban areas be seen as undesirable in terms of ethnic diversity
-ethnic groups- strongly segregated
racial discrimination
-tensions- new arrivals and old residents
-this could influence ,igrants to move to more suburban areas instead of urban
Why might urban areas be seen as undesirable in terms of social isolation
- language barriers
- cultural traditions
Why might urban areas be seen as undesirable in terms of the elderly
- loneliness- impact quality of life
- threatened
- vulanerable
- pace and stress associated with urban areas
Meaning of the life-cycle
idea that most families go through sequence of changes in their lifetime
Give reasons as to why an inner-city area may be perceived as desirable
-exciting nightlife- clubs, bars, theatres
-
Give reasons as to why a suburban area may be perceived as desirable
-residential space: good schools, green spaces, healthcare
-
What is counter-urbanisation
the movement of people and employment from major cities to smaller settlements and rural places located beyound the city
What is the rural idyll
perception of rural places as being idyllic- natural, peaceful, problem-free
Describe the rural reality of living in the commuter belt
- experience fast rates of population
- growth- families, workers- keen to escape downsides of urban areas
- young adults- increasing fertility rates in these areas
Describe the rural reality of living in the accessible rural areas
- lots of old people
- retirees/ people that have lived here whole lives
- predominantly ‘white british’
- attract urban day trippers- leisure, recreation –> generates jobs, income- entices working age ppl
Describe the rural reality of living in the remote rural areas
- suffered from depopulation
- victimns of urbansdition
- remote, poor quality of life
- young ppl- left for employment, better life
- lots of elderly ppl left behind
- scenerey, peace- generates employment, income –> tourists, 2nd home owners
-
Give 4 reasons why some rural locations are perceived as undesirable
- remoteness
- limited social opportunities
- limited rsange of services
- high transport costs
Name 2 significant impacts internal migration within the UK has
- changes the total number of people living in an area
- alters structure of an areas population
What major migration occurred within the UK in the 20th century
-north-south divide
–movement of people from north to south (London)- when economic depression occurred in northern parts
-people moved to south- more jobs- perceived better quality of life
What major migration occurred within the UK in the 20th century
-north-south divide
–movement of people from north to south (London)- when economic depression occurred in northern parts
- people moved to south- more jobs- perceived better quality of life
- suburbanisation- ppl moving from inner-city to suburbs
How has internal movement of people within the UK created uneven demographic and cultural patterns
-CULTURALLY-north-south divide- economic depression in the north in 1930s- pushed ppl out of North into South- jobs, better quality of life perceived there
this drift continued for rest of 20th century
-led to limited ppl living in North and lots of ppl living in South-east areas
How has culture changed due to international migration flows from former colonies and the EU
- post-war labour shortage –> encouraged migrant workers and family to move to UK
- came from colonies in Africa and Carribean
- many opened shops, resturants
Why were there a need for migrants in the UK after world war 2
- lots of labour needed to repair bomb damage and help economic recovery
- also needed to replace those killed in war
How has society changed due to international migration flows from former colonies and the EU
- commonwealth immigrants- first settled in major cities: Bham, Ldn, Mchester
- due to job opps- but these jobs were poorly paid –>
- so immigrants could only find accomodoation in deprived inner-city areas
- mirrors residential pattern today
Explain why the distribution of ethnic minority groups is not evenly spread across Englanf and Wales
-job opportunities- concentrated in Ldn, South east, west mids- migrants move to these areas
–> north east, wales, south west- high levels of unemployment as a result
-immigrants tend to settle in places where ppl from same ethnic groups are (relatives, friends)
Name a specific reason as to why some international migrants choose to live in rural areas
- migrants involved in rural employment- often have little choice:
- have to work there due to economic circumstances, labour market
What town in the UK had the highest % of eastern eurpean immigrants
Boston, Lincolnshire
Why are migrants enticed to Boston, Lincolnshire
- attracted by long hours and that they get paid more than they would in their home country
- lower cost of living
- entices Polish migrants- polish resturants, shops, pubs within area
How does migrants moving to the area of Boston, Lincolnshire create social opportunities
benefits farmers: physical hard labour is done for a cheap price –> grow their farms- increase profit, produce more
- high street is now bustling- immigrants open resturants, shops (Polish shops been set up)- entice more migrants- benefit area economically
- brings culture to the area
How does migrants moving to the area of Boston, Lincolnshire create social challenges
- no trade union protection for the migrants- expolited by gangmasters- dehumanised
- do really intense work for cheap pay
What are the 2 factors that cause spatial segregation of minority groups to occur
- internal factors
- external factors
Name 4 internal factors that encourage ethnic minroities to opt for segregation
- it provides protection against racist abuse
- increases their power within an area
- opportunities to use minority language
- provides support- family and friends live there
Name 4 external factors that the population take in which encourages ethnic minorities to opt for segregation
- discrimination in the job market
- discrimination by house sellers
- social unfriendliness
- racial abuse
How does income and type of employment influence segregation
improving economic circumstances- allows ethnic groups more choice in terms of residential location
How do social indicators influence segregation
choice of resdiential areas will be affeceted by more of a social nature- avaliability and quality of healthacre, schools, crime
Why do international migrants tend to live in distnctive places
-give an example of a place and the people living there
- e.g. Russian oligarchs are buying expensive proerpties in London
- many russians are buying properties here- russian banks are not trusted- so by having their money in the UK its safe
- profit made by their businesses in russia are being transferred to the UK
How do diverse living spaces in urban areas have social characteristics that reflect ethnicity and culture
Give an example of a place
- places of worship- mosques, temples
- retail outlets- clothes shops- traditional clothing- supermarkets
- leisure- social clubs, festivals, ceremonies
Southall, Ealing- London: contains largest Asian community
- asian retail outlets: shops, retsurants, takeways
- leisure: festivals, processions
- places of worship: church, mosque
Definition of assimilation
when ethnic groups intermix with communties
How have experiences and perceptions of living spaces changed over generations
-first-generation immigrants- suffer: low-paid jobs, occupy poor housing
- however- offspring immigrants (next gen)- becoming wealthier as they were born in the UK
- could be due to better education
How can changes different community groups, TNCS, and local and national governments make create challeneges and opportunities
change is made in expectation that there will be benefits (e.g. providing services, business profits)
-improves some peoples quality of life, but doesnt benefit others
Why does competition for space occur within urban areas
- urban areas- expanding
- creates demand for more space to accomodate: new housing, services etc
- so every land use is a potential competitor for space
Give examples of tensions created between long-term residents who seek continuity and migrants who seek change
- long-term residents wish to continue in their present comfort zone
- migrants when they move may want to culturally develop the area- makes them feel more welcome
- long-term residents- feel they are being dislodged- squeezed out by newcomers
Definition of a yuppie
young urban professional - well-paid job and lives, works in large city
How did the development of Pepys estate bring opportunities
- appealing- riverside location with stunning views
- modernised, new housing
How did the development of Pepys estate bring challenges
- residents found it difficult to adjust to the flats
- dark corridors within flats- became crime corridors: frequent muggings
- vandalism, antisocial behaviour also occurred on the estate
Give 3 reasons as to why some groups perceive that migrants are a threat to their culture
- they see ethnic groups as being responsible for:
- high unemployment- see immigrants as ‘stealing’ local jobs
- authorities not bothering to invest in improving areas of poverty
- dilution of their culture
Explain how migrants are feeling socially excluded in Glasgow
- feel ignored, not wanted
- emphasised through their poverty, helplessness in trying to break out of deprivation
Name 3 events which have influenced as to why ethnic tensions (anti-islamic) in Glasgow have increased
- 9/11 attack in USA
- 7/7 bombings in Ldn
- 2007 Glasgow airport attack
Name 3 reasons as to why the perception of victorian london was that it was dangerous and a place to avoid
- pollution- due to factories
- poverty- minimal sewage, sanitary facilities
- congestion
Name external linkages or influences posed on St Alphege
- globally
- nationally
- regionally
- locally
-global- Touchwood- consist of global brands
Name external linkages or influences posed on St Alphege
- globally
- nationally
- regionally
- locally
-global- Touchwood- consist of global brands
-
Compare Chelmsely Wood with St Alphege
Chelmsely Wood:
- social housing
- unemployment
- difference in education
St Alphege
Segregation- compare Tower Hamlets amd KIngston upon thames
TH- londons most ethnically diverse area
- experience social exclusion
- hostility from those claiming that migrants threaten tradition british culture
- islamaphobic attacks
- low employment levels of ethnic groups
- poverty
- ethnic enclaves- Southall- tower hamlets
- 40% of people from ethnic minorities live in low-income houses
-segregation is improving in TH –> regeneration of docklands - developed deprivation
Segregation- compare Tower Hamlets and Kingston upon Thames:
Tower Hamlets
ETHNIC SEGREGATION
TH- londons most ethnically diverse area
- experience social exclusion
- ‘migrants threaten traditional british culture’
- islamaphobic attacks- need protection
- low employment levels of ethnic groups
- poverty
- ethnic enclaves- Southall- tower hamlets
- 40% of people from ethnic minorities live in low-income houses
- ethnic enclaves, social clustering
- family and friends live in areas
- more ethnic groups move there
- developed culture
WEALTH SEGREGATION
-regeneration of docklands- luxury housing- jobs opps- led to gentrification -> segregation between wealthy- can afford to live in CW- poor live on outskirts
Brick lane case study
-l
-youthful population- only 52% pop over 65
-high crime rate: 25.4 per 1000
-
Segregation- compare tower hamlets and kingston upon thames
-KINGSTON
ethnic segrgetaion
- migrants make up 20% pop
- segregation of british white ppl
wealth segregation
-one of londons wealthiest boroughs- migrants- x afford to live outside inner city areas- low pay/ employment- discrimination
POP- 163,900
CHELMSELY WOOD
asian pop- 8.5% white pop- 91.5% economically active- 64.4%- 17-74 own housing- 42.8 % all crimes p1000- 155.3
ST ALPHEGE
asian pop- 13.9% white pop- 86.1 % economically active- 72.4% own housing- 87 % all crimes p1000- 111.5
CANARY WHARF
asian pop- 6%
white pop- 49%
own housing- 27%
crimes p1000- 16.58
BRICK LANE
asian pop- 5%
white pop- 43%
own housing- 25.9%
KENSINGTON
russian
