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Diverse Places Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the rural-urban continuum

A

transition from sparsely populated rural places to densely populated urban places

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2
Q

What is population density

A

the number of people living in each unit of area

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3
Q

Describe how the population has changed in the UK in the last 50 years

A

population of the UK has grown unevenly

some regions growing rapidly ( London and the
south-east)

others grown more slowly (the north-east of England).

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4
Q

Definition of place

A

web of characteristics, flows and perceptions attached to a specific place

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5
Q

Definition of sense of place

A

the subjective and emotional attachment to a place

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6
Q

Definition of population structure

A

composition of the population of a country, region, or area

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7
Q

Describe population structure in Newham, Inner London

A
  • population: 314, 100
  • dominated by 21-40 year olds- easily accessible for work and leisure
  • regeneration- led to more housing
  • internal migration- uni students, young graduates, enticed- lots of jobs- pulls them in
  • international migration- 55% of Newhams pop = foreign-born residents- continually increasing

natural increase- high fertility rate- 76.6 per 1000 general fertility rate

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8
Q

Describe population structure in Kingston-Upon Thames, Outer London

A
  • population: 163, 900
  • average age- 37- wealthy area- place people move to to raise families
  • international migration- 20%
  • internal migration- older people move here- higher ageing population- outer suburbs- quieter, nicer area

-

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9
Q

Describe population structure in North Yorkshire, rural county

A
  • population: 602, 600
  • average age- 39.8-
  • internal migration- ageing population- retired people- those seeking country living
  • international migration- low- not mahy jobs/ leisure- less than 5% of people are born outsiude UK
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10
Q

Describe population structure in Highland, Scotland, remote rural area

A

population: 232, 950
- average age- 43.2
- internal migration- ageing population- retired people- families- seeking rural lifestyle
- international migration- low- accessibility to rest of UK- hard- weather conditions- difficult to commute to other Scottish cities

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11
Q

Name the factors affecting population density within an urban area

-use

A
  • low pop dens in CBD- commercial activities, concentration of public buildings
  • high pop dens- inner urban ridge- redeveloped more conventional modern housing- house oppos
  • decreased pop dens- interwar suburban depression- semi-detached/ detached housing- spacious- less ppl concentrated in one area
  • built during war
  • increase in pop dens- urban fringe cliff- due to flats built on edge of city- easy commute into city
  • decrease in pop dens- rural fringe- green belt land around edge of city- prevents urban sprawl (spreading of city outwards)

-

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12
Q

How does physical environment affect population density in an area

A

flat areas are ideal for residential development as building houses on slopes is more expensive

-so steep slopes and flood plains are avoided unless residential space is urgent

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13
Q

How does socio-economic status affect population density in an area

A
  • wealthy members tend to live in expensive housing- in low pop dens
  • meaning poorer ppl are left living in UKs industrial towns- pollution, noise, smell
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14
Q

How does dwelling type and household size affect population density in an area

A

-high incidence of flats generates high pop dens than detached houses estates

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15
Q

What is the demographic transition model

A

model representing changing rates of fertility and mortality over time and how they affect rates of population growth

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16
Q

What is the rural-urban continuum model

A

model for how population density and structure changes with distance away from urban areas and towards rural areas

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17
Q

What are the key concepts of the rural-urban continuum model

A

The key concept of model is accessibility.
more accessible a rural settlement is to
city, the more urban characteristics it
will have.

-e.g. A village down a narrow lane is less
accessible and will stay more ‘rural’.

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18
Q

Explain how urban areas relate to fertility rates and mortality rates

A
  • urban places have younger, more etnically diverse populations
  • 20-40 years old
  • high fertility rates
  • mortality rates low
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19
Q

Explain how rural areas relate to fertility rates and mortality rates

A

rural places-

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20
Q

How ands why has the UK’s population grown

A

increase in life expectancy, improved food supplies and clean water led to rapid population growth during the 1800s.

  • low mortality rate: modern healthcare, widely available, free by the NHS
  • modern medicines treat many diseases
  • higher incomes enable people to eat a healthy diet and have good living conditions

-high fertility rates : increase in internal and international migrants- of fertility age- moved for job ops

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21
Q

Describe the differences in population structures along the rural-urban continuum

A
  • low pop dens in CBD- commercial activities, concentration of public buildings
  • high pop dens- inner urban ridge- redeveloped more conventional modern housing- house oppos
  • decreased pop dens- interwar suburban depression- semi-detached/ detached housing- spacious- less ppl concentrated in one area
  • built during war
  • increase in pop dens- urban fringe cliff- due to flats built on edge of city- easy commute into city
  • decrease in pop dens- rural fringe- green belt land around edge of city- prevents urban sprawl (spreading of city outwards)

-

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22
Q

Describe the differences in population structure along rural-urban continuum

A

-lower ageing pop- people retire in more rural areas

rural areas- lower fertility rates- fertility age migrate to city for work-

-higher mortality rate- internal migration- elderly retire rural areas

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23
Q

Desrcibe the rural-urban continuum model

A
  • large city
  • green belt
  • small village turned into overspill town
  • suburbanised village with old core
  • small suburbanised village with old core
  • more remote village
  • village with mainly second homes
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24
Q

How migration rates differ across the uk

-urban areas

A
  • urban areas such as Inner London, Newham,
  • 55% of its population- foreign born
  • av age 31
  • ethnic enclaves occur in these areas- creating more cultural diversity within area- attracts other migrants to area
  • social clustering of diff ethnic communties- also attract international migrants to an area- common in urban raeas
  • job opportunities- skill shortages in UK force companies to recruit overseas workers
  • internal migrants tend to move from inner city areas- outer suburban areas- start family- peace- wealthier
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25
Q

How migration rates differ across the uk

-rural areas

A
  • rural area, North Yorkshire
  • av age: 39
  • less than 5% pop born outside UK
  • no social clustering- can be unattractive- no culture
  • limited job opportunities
  • not easily accessible to urban areas- hard to commute- hence lack of international migrants
  • mainly internal migration- elderly migrating- retirement and those seeking country living
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26
Q

What is cultural diversity

A

existence of a variety of ethnic groups in a city

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27
Q

£Why does cultural diversity and social clustering occur

A
  • as ethnic communities migrate to live close to their families and friends of the same culture
  • more ethnic ppl migrating to the area means a development and increase in the local specialist shops selling the preferred cultural food
  • this can attract tourists and other people to the area, economically benefitting it, by having culturally diverse resturants, shops, worship places
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28
Q

Impacts of changing cultural diversity on places

A
  • ECONOMICALLY BOOSTS AJ AREA- attracts tourists- restaurants, shops, places of worship
  • attracts other international migrations- social clustering
  • leads to increase in skilled workers coming from abroad- boosts economy

-SOCIALLY BOOSTS AN AREA- promotes humanistic values- place feels welcoming

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29
Q

Definition of cultrual change

A

modification of society through innovation, invention, disocvery or contact with other societies

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30
Q

Name 2 pathways of cultural change

A

-changing mix of ethnic groups- cultural change is consolidated if immigrants are concentrated in certain area and natural increase rises

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31
Q

What does population structure and density vary according too

A

varies according to
placement in rural-urban continuum and, therefore
accessibility, physical factors, historical development and the
role of planning

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32
Q

Name 2 factors affecting population strcuture and dynamics

A
  • differences
    in fertility and mortality rates

-international and
internal migration

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33
Q

Give the percentage of white, british living in Tower Hamlets, London compared to East Devon

A

TH- 31.2%

ED- 93.2%

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34
Q

What does the demographic transition model show

A

there is a correlation between the development

of a country and its birth and death rates

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35
Q

Describe stage 1 of the demographic transition model

A

high birth and death rates- total population is quite low

country- poorly developed

birth rates high- lack of contraception, education

dath rates high- malnutriton no healthcare

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36
Q

Describe stage 2 of the demographic transition model

A

Death rate decreases while birth rate stays high- population size increases

-country has become more developed- more money to spend on hospitals

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37
Q

Describe stage 3 of the demographic transition model

A

Death rate decreases, birth rates decreases population expands more rapidly

-more developed country- women have more rights- educated- contraception- fasmily planning advice

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38
Q

Describe stage 4 of the demographic transition model

A

Birth rate, death rates much lower and have plateaued

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39
Q

How is population structure different in rural and urban areas

A
  • Dense population in major cities (89% of Englands pop)

- Lowest population density in rural areas (11% of Eng’s pop)

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40
Q

State 3 reasons for changes in the UK’s population

A
  • birth rate
  • death rate
  • migration
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41
Q

Name 2 reasons as to why birth rates have increased in the UK

A

-Population Growth - as pop increases, number of child-bearing people
increases so rate of pop growth increases.

  • Government Policy - (Maternity/Paternity leave)
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42
Q

Name 2 reasons as to why birth rates may decline in the UK

A
  • use of contraception, is more widespread- free access, sex ed taught in sch

-financial cost- expensive- some families are choosing to have less
children.

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43
Q

Name 2 reasons as to why death rates have decreased in the UK

A

Advancement in medicine - lots diseases have been eradicated, access to healthcare has improved

Clean water and sanitation

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44
Q

Name 2 reasons as to why birth rates may increase in the UK

A
  • smoking

- alcohol

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45
Q

Name 4 reasons as to why there has been a large increase in inward international migration to the UK

A
  • Political alliances, especially with Commonwealth countries.
  • Lower price of long-distance travel
  • War and conflict
  • employment opportunities
46
Q

Meaning of a sense of place

A

-strong identity and character felt by local people and visitors

47
Q

What is meaning of place

A

how a person/group perceives a place

48
Q

Meaning of perception

A

individuals view of reality

49
Q

Meaning of living space

A

land given over to housing

50
Q

How has the perception of areas changed?

-(use London as an example)

A
  • Victorian London pecreption: working conditions- dangerous, unhealthy
  • poorly sanitised- frequent outbreaks of disease
  • high crime rates
  • London today: attractive place, drawing in migrants due to its
  • wide range of job opportunities
  • variety of entertainment, social services
  • safe
  • healthy
51
Q

Name 6 realities of living in urban areas

A
  • high living costs
  • low environmental quality
  • crime
  • ethnic diversity
  • social isolation
  • the elderly
52
Q

Why might urban areas be seen as undesirable in terms of high living costs

A
  • high cost of housing
  • high cost of commuting
  • higher costs of food

-resulting in urban dwellers not being better off than their rural equivalents

53
Q

Why might urban areas be seen as undesirable in terms of low environmental quality

A

-many urban people live in poor-quality environments:

  • unsatisfactory housing
  • polluted air
  • noise, light pollution
  • antisocial behaviour

-you wouldnt find this in rural areas

54
Q

Why might urban areas be seen as undesirable in terms of crime rates

A
  • crime rates are much higher in urban areas

- people arent as safe

55
Q

Why might urban areas be seen as undesirable in terms of ethnic diversity

A

-ethnic groups- strongly segregated
racial discrimination
-tensions- new arrivals and old residents

-this could influence ,igrants to move to more suburban areas instead of urban

56
Q

Why might urban areas be seen as undesirable in terms of social isolation

A
  • language barriers

- cultural traditions

57
Q

Why might urban areas be seen as undesirable in terms of the elderly

A
  • loneliness- impact quality of life
  • threatened
  • vulanerable
  • pace and stress associated with urban areas
58
Q

Meaning of the life-cycle

A

idea that most families go through sequence of changes in their lifetime

59
Q

Give reasons as to why an inner-city area may be perceived as desirable

A

-exciting nightlife- clubs, bars, theatres

-

60
Q

Give reasons as to why a suburban area may be perceived as desirable

A

-residential space: good schools, green spaces, healthcare

-

61
Q

What is counter-urbanisation

A

the movement of people and employment from major cities to smaller settlements and rural places located beyound the city

62
Q

What is the rural idyll

A

perception of rural places as being idyllic- natural, peaceful, problem-free

63
Q

Describe the rural reality of living in the commuter belt

A
  • experience fast rates of population
  • growth- families, workers- keen to escape downsides of urban areas
  • young adults- increasing fertility rates in these areas
64
Q

Describe the rural reality of living in the accessible rural areas

A
  • lots of old people
  • retirees/ people that have lived here whole lives
  • predominantly ‘white british’
  • attract urban day trippers- leisure, recreation –> generates jobs, income- entices working age ppl
65
Q

Describe the rural reality of living in the remote rural areas

A
  • suffered from depopulation
  • victimns of urbansdition
  • remote, poor quality of life
  • young ppl- left for employment, better life
  • lots of elderly ppl left behind
  • scenerey, peace- generates employment, income –> tourists, 2nd home owners

-

66
Q

Give 4 reasons why some rural locations are perceived as undesirable

A
  • remoteness
  • limited social opportunities
  • limited rsange of services
  • high transport costs
67
Q

Name 2 significant impacts internal migration within the UK has

A
  • changes the total number of people living in an area

- alters structure of an areas population

68
Q

What major migration occurred within the UK in the 20th century

A

-north-south divide

–movement of people from north to south (London)- when economic depression occurred in northern parts

-people moved to south- more jobs- perceived better quality of life

69
Q

What major migration occurred within the UK in the 20th century

A

-north-south divide

–movement of people from north to south (London)- when economic depression occurred in northern parts

  • people moved to south- more jobs- perceived better quality of life
  • suburbanisation- ppl moving from inner-city to suburbs
70
Q

How has internal movement of people within the UK created uneven demographic and cultural patterns

A

-CULTURALLY-north-south divide- economic depression in the north in 1930s- pushed ppl out of North into South- jobs, better quality of life perceived there

this drift continued for rest of 20th century

-led to limited ppl living in North and lots of ppl living in South-east areas

71
Q

How has culture changed due to international migration flows from former colonies and the EU

A
  • post-war labour shortage –> encouraged migrant workers and family to move to UK
  • came from colonies in Africa and Carribean
  • many opened shops, resturants
72
Q

Why were there a need for migrants in the UK after world war 2

A
  • lots of labour needed to repair bomb damage and help economic recovery
  • also needed to replace those killed in war
73
Q

How has society changed due to international migration flows from former colonies and the EU

A
  • commonwealth immigrants- first settled in major cities: Bham, Ldn, Mchester
  • due to job opps- but these jobs were poorly paid –>
  • so immigrants could only find accomodoation in deprived inner-city areas
  • mirrors residential pattern today
74
Q

Explain why the distribution of ethnic minority groups is not evenly spread across Englanf and Wales

A

-job opportunities- concentrated in Ldn, South east, west mids- migrants move to these areas

–> north east, wales, south west- high levels of unemployment as a result

-immigrants tend to settle in places where ppl from same ethnic groups are (relatives, friends)

75
Q

Name a specific reason as to why some international migrants choose to live in rural areas

A
  • migrants involved in rural employment- often have little choice:
  • have to work there due to economic circumstances, labour market
76
Q

What town in the UK had the highest % of eastern eurpean immigrants

A

Boston, Lincolnshire

77
Q

Why are migrants enticed to Boston, Lincolnshire

A
  • attracted by long hours and that they get paid more than they would in their home country
  • lower cost of living
  • entices Polish migrants- polish resturants, shops, pubs within area
78
Q

How does migrants moving to the area of Boston, Lincolnshire create social opportunities

A

benefits farmers: physical hard labour is done for a cheap price –> grow their farms- increase profit, produce more

  • high street is now bustling- immigrants open resturants, shops (Polish shops been set up)- entice more migrants- benefit area economically
  • brings culture to the area
79
Q

How does migrants moving to the area of Boston, Lincolnshire create social challenges

A
  • no trade union protection for the migrants- expolited by gangmasters- dehumanised
  • do really intense work for cheap pay
80
Q

What are the 2 factors that cause spatial segregation of minority groups to occur

A
  • internal factors

- external factors

81
Q

Name 4 internal factors that encourage ethnic minroities to opt for segregation

A
  • it provides protection against racist abuse
  • increases their power within an area
  • opportunities to use minority language
  • provides support- family and friends live there
82
Q

Name 4 external factors that the population take in which encourages ethnic minorities to opt for segregation

A
  • discrimination in the job market
  • discrimination by house sellers
  • social unfriendliness
  • racial abuse
83
Q

How does income and type of employment influence segregation

A

improving economic circumstances- allows ethnic groups more choice in terms of residential location

84
Q

How do social indicators influence segregation

A

choice of resdiential areas will be affeceted by more of a social nature- avaliability and quality of healthacre, schools, crime

85
Q

Why do international migrants tend to live in distnctive places

-give an example of a place and the people living there

A
  • e.g. Russian oligarchs are buying expensive proerpties in London
  • many russians are buying properties here- russian banks are not trusted- so by having their money in the UK its safe
  • profit made by their businesses in russia are being transferred to the UK
86
Q

How do diverse living spaces in urban areas have social characteristics that reflect ethnicity and culture

Give an example of a place

A
  • places of worship- mosques, temples
  • retail outlets- clothes shops- traditional clothing- supermarkets
  • leisure- social clubs, festivals, ceremonies

Southall, Ealing- London: contains largest Asian community

  • asian retail outlets: shops, retsurants, takeways
  • leisure: festivals, processions
  • places of worship: church, mosque
87
Q

Definition of assimilation

A

when ethnic groups intermix with communties

88
Q

How have experiences and perceptions of living spaces changed over generations

A

-first-generation immigrants- suffer: low-paid jobs, occupy poor housing

  • however- offspring immigrants (next gen)- becoming wealthier as they were born in the UK
  • could be due to better education
89
Q

How can changes different community groups, TNCS, and local and national governments make create challeneges and opportunities

A

change is made in expectation that there will be benefits (e.g. providing services, business profits)

-improves some peoples quality of life, but doesnt benefit others

90
Q

Why does competition for space occur within urban areas

A
  • urban areas- expanding
  • creates demand for more space to accomodate: new housing, services etc
  • so every land use is a potential competitor for space
91
Q

Give examples of tensions created between long-term residents who seek continuity and migrants who seek change

A
  • long-term residents wish to continue in their present comfort zone
  • migrants when they move may want to culturally develop the area- makes them feel more welcome
  • long-term residents- feel they are being dislodged- squeezed out by newcomers
92
Q

Definition of a yuppie

A

young urban professional - well-paid job and lives, works in large city

93
Q

How did the development of Pepys estate bring opportunities

A
  • appealing- riverside location with stunning views

- modernised, new housing

94
Q

How did the development of Pepys estate bring challenges

A
  • residents found it difficult to adjust to the flats
  • dark corridors within flats- became crime corridors: frequent muggings
  • vandalism, antisocial behaviour also occurred on the estate
95
Q

Give 3 reasons as to why some groups perceive that migrants are a threat to their culture

A
  • they see ethnic groups as being responsible for:
  • high unemployment- see immigrants as ‘stealing’ local jobs
  • authorities not bothering to invest in improving areas of poverty
  • dilution of their culture
96
Q

Explain how migrants are feeling socially excluded in Glasgow

A
  • feel ignored, not wanted

- emphasised through their poverty, helplessness in trying to break out of deprivation

97
Q

Name 3 events which have influenced as to why ethnic tensions (anti-islamic) in Glasgow have increased

A
  • 9/11 attack in USA
  • 7/7 bombings in Ldn
  • 2007 Glasgow airport attack
98
Q

Name 3 reasons as to why the perception of victorian london was that it was dangerous and a place to avoid

A
  • pollution- due to factories
  • poverty- minimal sewage, sanitary facilities
  • congestion
99
Q

Name external linkages or influences posed on St Alphege

  • globally
  • nationally
  • regionally
  • locally
A

-global- Touchwood- consist of global brands

100
Q

Name external linkages or influences posed on St Alphege

  • globally
  • nationally
  • regionally
  • locally
A

-global- Touchwood- consist of global brands

-

101
Q

Compare Chelmsely Wood with St Alphege

A

Chelmsely Wood:

  • social housing
  • unemployment
  • difference in education

St Alphege

102
Q

Segregation- compare Tower Hamlets amd KIngston upon thames

A

TH- londons most ethnically diverse area

  • experience social exclusion
  • hostility from those claiming that migrants threaten tradition british culture
  • islamaphobic attacks
  • low employment levels of ethnic groups
  • poverty
  • ethnic enclaves- Southall- tower hamlets
  • 40% of people from ethnic minorities live in low-income houses

-segregation is improving in TH –> regeneration of docklands - developed deprivation

103
Q

Segregation- compare Tower Hamlets and Kingston upon Thames:

Tower Hamlets

A

ETHNIC SEGREGATION
TH- londons most ethnically diverse area

  • experience social exclusion
  • ‘migrants threaten traditional british culture’
  • islamaphobic attacks- need protection
  • low employment levels of ethnic groups
  • poverty
  • ethnic enclaves- Southall- tower hamlets
  • 40% of people from ethnic minorities live in low-income houses
  • ethnic enclaves, social clustering
  • family and friends live in areas
  • more ethnic groups move there
  • developed culture

WEALTH SEGREGATION
-regeneration of docklands- luxury housing- jobs opps- led to gentrification -> segregation between wealthy- can afford to live in CW- poor live on outskirts

104
Q

Brick lane case study

-l

A

-youthful population- only 52% pop over 65
-high crime rate: 25.4 per 1000
-

105
Q

Segregation- compare tower hamlets and kingston upon thames

-KINGSTON

A

ethnic segrgetaion

  • migrants make up 20% pop
  • segregation of british white ppl

wealth segregation
-one of londons wealthiest boroughs- migrants- x afford to live outside inner city areas- low pay/ employment- discrimination

POP- 163,900

106
Q

CHELMSELY WOOD

A 
asian pop- 8.5%
white pop- 91.5%
economically active- 64.4%- 17-74
own housing- 42.8 %
all crimes p1000- 155.3
107
Q

ST ALPHEGE

A 
asian pop- 13.9%
white pop- 86.1 %
economically active- 72.4%
own housing- 87 %
all crimes p1000- 111.5
108
Q

CANARY WHARF

A

asian pop- 6%
white pop- 49%

own housing- 27%
crimes p1000- 16.58

109
Q

BRICK LANE

A

asian pop- 5%
white pop- 43%

own housing- 25.9%

110
Q

KENSINGTON

A

russian

geography (55 decks)

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