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geography > Coastal Landscapes > Flashcards

Coastal Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the littoral zone

A

wider coastal zone

-inc: adjacent land areas, shore, shallow part of sea

-inc: 4 sub sones; coast, backshore, foreshore, nearshore

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2
Q

What is dynamic frequency

A

balanced state of a system

-when inputs & outputs balance over time

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3
Q

Name the 3 ways coasts are classified

A

-geological characeristics (lithology, structure)

-impacts of sea-level change (rising/ falling)

-dominant coastal process (erosion/ deposition)

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4
Q

Name the 2 main types of coastlines formed by the littoral zone

A

-Rocky/ Cliffed coastlines

-Coastal plain landscapes

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5
Q

Name 5 characteristics of rocky coastlines

A

-clear distinction between land & sea due to height of cliffs

-exposure to erosive forces of sea -> high energy environments

-erosion> deposition

-destructive waves

-mainly resistant rock areas- igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic- granite, limestone

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6
Q

Name 5 characteristics of coastal plain landscapes

A

-land slopes towards sea -> transition into each other

-low energy environments

-deposition> erosion

-mainly weaker rocks- younger sedimentary rocks- chalks, clays

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7
Q

Why does the littoral zone vary

A

-due to:

-short-term factors- daily tides, seasonal storms, individual waves

-long-term factors- changes to sea levels, climate change

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8
Q

Give an example of a cliffed coast in the UK

A

chalk cliffs - Flamborough Head, Yorkshire

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9
Q

Give an example of an estuarine coastline in the UK

A

Lymington, Hampshire

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10
Q

What is the backshore zone found in the littoral zone
-what is it

A

-area between the high tide mark

-affected by wave action during major storms

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11
Q

What is the foreshore zone found in the littoral zone
-what is it

A

-area between high tide and low tide mark

-seen as most important area for marine activity

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12
Q

What is the nearshore zone found in the littoral zone
-what is it

A

-area of shallow water where friction occurs between seabed and waves- causing waves to break

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13
Q

What is the offshore zone found in the littoral zone
-what is it

A

-area of deeper water beyond the point where waves begin to break

-friction occurs between seabed and waves- could cause distortion in wave shape

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14
Q

How can coasts be classified because of geology

A

lithology (rock type) and structure of rocks

-used to determine if coast rocky, sandy or estuarine and concordant / discordant

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15
Q

How can coasts be classified because of sea level change

A

-used to classify coasts as emergent/ submergent

-can be caused by:

-tectonic processes- lift/ subside land- effects sea levels

-climate change- seal levels rise and fall

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16
Q

How can coasts be classified because of energy inputs

A

-receive energy inputs form waves, tides, currents, rivers, atmospheric processes, gravity tectonics

-classify coasts as high/ low energy

17
Q

How can coasts be classified because of sediment inputs

A

-Coasts receive sediment inputs from waves, wind, tides, currents, mass movements, tectonic processes

-sediment added to coastline through deposition

-removed by erosion

-erosion > deposition- loss of sediment- coastline retreats- eroding coastline

-deposition > erosion- gain sediment- coastline advances- building coastline

18
Q

Name the 2 types of coast produced by geological structure

A

-concordant
-discordant

19
Q

What are concordant coasts

A

-formed when rock strata runs parallel to coast

-generally smooth/ slightly indented coastlines

(Dalmtaian)

20
Q

What are concordant coasts

A

-formed when rock strata runs parallel to coast

-generally smooth/ slightly indented coastlines

(Dalmatian)

21
Q

What are discordant coasts

A

-form when different rock strata intersect the coast at an angle

  • differing erosion ->
    formation of headlands and bays
  • Less resistant rocks -> eroded -> bays

-more resistant rocks -> remains as headlands

22
Q

Explain why coves are often produced at concordant coastlines

A

-outer hard rocks -> protective barrier to erosion of the softer rocks further inland

  • Sometimes outer hard rock is punctured- allowing sea to erode the softer rocks

-cove is produced (a circular area of water with a relatively narrow entrance from the sea)

23
Q

Give an example of concordant coastlines in the UK

A

-Lulworth, Dorset

24
Q

Give an example of discordant coastlines in the UK

A

West Cork Coast, Ireland

25
Q

Name the 2 ways coastal plains form

A

-due to fall in sea level exposing seabed

-deposition of sediment from land -> coastal accretion where coastline moves seaward

26
Q

What is coastal accretion

A

deposition of sediment at coast & seaward growth of the coastline, creating new land

27
Q

Why in many locations are coastal plains maintained in dynamic equilibrium

A

-due to balanced forces of:

-deposition of sediment
-erosion by marine action

28
Q

Definition of a cliff profile

A

the height and angle of a cliff face

29
Q

What 3 geological features influence cliff profiles

A

-faults
-joints
-fissures

30
Q

Name 2 characteristics that influenece cliff profiles

A

-rocks resistance to erosion

-dip of rock strata in relation to coastline

31
Q

What is differential erosion

A

When different types of rocks are eroded at different rates

32
Q

What type of cliff profile does horizontal dip produce

A

-vertical/ near vertical profile

with notches reflecting strata that are more easily eroded

33
Q

What type of cliff profile does seaward dip, high angle produce

A

-sloping, low angle profile

-with one rock layer facing sea

-vulnerable to rock slides down sea

34
Q

What type of cliff profile does seaward dip, low angle produce

A

-profile may exceed 90 degrees

-producing overhanging rock

-very vulnerable to rock falls

35
Q

What type of cliff profile does seaward dip, landward dip produce

A

-steep profiles of 70-80 degrees

-producing very stable cliff with reduced rock falls

36
Q

Name the 2 main cliff profile types

A

-marine erosion dominated -> steep, unvengetated, little rock debris

-sub-aerial process dominated -> curved profile, lower angle face, accumalted debris at bottom of cliff due to mass movement

37
Q

Igneous

-examples

-erosion rate

A

-granite, basalt

-erosion rate: v slow, resistant rock -> crystalline, have few joints

38
Q

Metamorphic

-examples

-erosion rate

A

-slate, marble

-erosion rate: slow, resistant rock -> crystalline, folded, fractured

39
Q

Sedimentary

-examples

-erosion rate

A

-sandstone, limestone

-erosion rate: fast -> bedding planes, fractures

geography (55 decks)

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