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Anatomy > Superior & Posterior Mediastinum > Flashcards

Superior & Posterior Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contents of the Superior Mediastinum?

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Trachea
  3. Aortic arch (and branches)
  4. Superior Vena Cava (and branches)
  5. Thymus gland
  6. Thoracic Duct
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2
Q

What are the contents of the Posterior Mediastinum?

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Azygos Vein
  3. Thoracic Duct
  4. Thoracic Aorta
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3
Q

Which two veins compose the Brachiocephalic Veins?

A
  • Internal Jugular Vein

- Subclavian Vein

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4
Q

Where are the Brachiocephalic Veins located?

A

Posterior to sternoclavicular joints

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5
Q

Where is the Superior Vena Cava located?

A

Inferior border of the 1st Right Costal Cartilage

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6
Q

What is the purpose of the Azygos Vein?

A
  • Connects the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

- Drains the posterior thorax and abdomen

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7
Q

Where is the Azygos Vein located?

A
  • Right side of T5-T12

- Arches over root of Lung to join Superior Vena Cava

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8
Q

Where does the Azygos Vein receive blood from?

A
  • Posterior Intercostals/Subcostals
  • Vertebral Venous Plexus
  • Mediastinal Vein
  • Esophageal Vein
  • Bronchial Veins
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9
Q

What is the purpose of the Hemiazygos Vein?

A

Junction of the Left Subcostal and Ascending Lumbar Veins

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10
Q

Which Intercostal Veins drain into the Hemiazygos Vein before going into the Azygos Vein system?

A

Left Intercostal Veins 9-12

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11
Q

Where is the Hemiazygos Vein located?

A

Left side of T9-12

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12
Q

Where does the Hemiazygos Vein receive blood from?

A
  • Inferior posterior intercostal veins
  • Inferior mediastinal vein
  • Esophageal vein
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13
Q

Where is the Accessory Hemiazygos Vein located?

A

Left side of T5-T8

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14
Q

Where does the Accessory Hemiazygos Vein receive blood from?

A
  • Middle posterior intercostal veins
  • Left bronchial veins
  • Left superior intercostal vein
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15
Q

Where does the Aortic Arch begin?

A

Posterior to the 2nd Right Sternocostal Joint (at the sternal angle)

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16
Q

What are the three usual branches of the Aortic Arch?

A
  • Brachiocephalic Trunk
  • Left Common Carotid
  • Left Subclavian
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17
Q

What percent of the population has an Aortic Arch variation where the Left Common Carotid is a part of the Brachiocephalic Trunk?

A

27%

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18
Q

What percent of the population has an Aortic Arch variation where the Left Vertebral Artery is present?

A

5%

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19
Q

What percent of the population has an Aortic Arch variation where the patient has two Brachiocephalic Trunks?

A

1.2%

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20
Q

What percent of the population has normal Aortic Arch branches with no variation?

A

About 65%

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21
Q

What is an Aortic Coarctation?

A

A congenital stenosis of part of the Aorta

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22
Q

What is a Preductal Aortic Coarctation?

A

A stenosis in the Aorta proximal to the Ductus Arteriosus

-Occurs in infancy

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23
Q

What is a Postductal Aortic Coarctation?

A

A stenosis in the Aorta distal to the Ductus Arteriosus

-Occurs in adults

24
Q

What are the classic signs of an Aortic Coarctation?

A
  • Rib notching

- Classic 3 sign

25
Q

Where is the descending Aorta located?

A
  • Posterior to root of left lung, pericardium, esophagus

- Along the bodies of T5-T12

26
Q

Where does the descending Aorta end?

A

Anterior to the inferior border of T12

27
Q

What structures pass through the Aortic hiatus?

A
  • Aorta
  • Azygos Vein
  • Thoracic Duct
28
Q

What is the motor function of the Phrenic Nerve?

A

Controls Diaphragm

29
Q

What is the sensory function of the Phrenic Nerve?

A

Sensation to:

  • Diaphragm
  • Pericardium
  • Mediastinal pleura
30
Q

At what level does the Right Phrenic Nerve enter the Diaphragm?

A

At T8 (through the Vena Cava Hiatus)

31
Q

What nerve roots does the Phrenic Nerve arise from?

A
  • C3
  • C4
  • C5
32
Q

Where does the Right Vagus Nerve pass through in the Superior Mediastinum?

A

Between the Right Subclavian Artery and Right Brachiocephalic Vein

33
Q

Where does the Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve loop around in the Superior Mediastinum?

A
  • Posteriorly around Right Subclavian Artery

- Goes between Trachea and Esophagus to the Larynx

34
Q

Where does the Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve loop around in the Superior Mediastinum?

A

Posteriorly around Aortic Arch lateral to Ligamentum Arteriosum

35
Q

Where does Right Vagus Nerve pass through in the Posterior Mediastinum?

A

Posterior to the Esophagus (Posterior Vagal Trunk)

-Joins Esophageal Plexus

36
Q

Where does Left Vagus Nerve pass through in the Posterior Mediastinum?

A

Anterior to the Esophagus (Anterior Vagal Trunk)

-Joins Esophageal Plexus

37
Q

What nerve roots does the Greater Splanchnic Nerve arise from?

A

T5-T9

38
Q

What nerve roots does the Lesser Splanchnic Nerve arise from?

A
  • T10

- T11

39
Q

What nerve roots does the Least Splanchnic Nerve arise from?

A

T12

40
Q

Where do the presynaptic fibers of the Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve go?

A

They pass behind the Diaphragm and synapse in the prevertebral ganglia in the abdomen

41
Q

What is the function of the Thymus?

A

Production and maturation of T-cells

42
Q

Where is the Thymus located?

A
  • In the Superior-Anterior Mediastinum

- Posterior to the Manubrium

43
Q

When is the Thymus the largest and most active?

A

During neonatal and pre-adolescent periods

-Atrophies and replaced by fat during puberty

44
Q

What is DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

Congenital immunodeficiency caused by a deletion on Chromosome 22
-Most common congenital cause of Thymic Aplasia

45
Q

What is the characterization of DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

CATCH-22

  • Cardiac anomalies
  • Abnormal facies
  • Thymic Aplasia
  • Cleft palate
  • Hypocalcemia
  • Deletion on Chromosome 22
46
Q

Where does the Trachea split into the Bronchi?

A

At the level of T4/5

47
Q

Where are the four sites of Esophageal constrictions?

A
  1. Cricopharyngeus
  2. Aortic arch
  3. Tracheal bifurcation
  4. Diaphragm
48
Q

Where does the Thoracic Duct originate from?

A

Cisterna chyli

-Largest lymph channel in the body

49
Q

Where does the Thoracic Duct drain lymph from?

A
  • Left superior quadrant

- Lower body

50
Q

Where does the Thoracic Duct empty into?

A

Left Venous Angle (where Internal Jugular Vein and Subclavian Vein meet)

51
Q

Where does the Aortic Arch lie while a person is standing?

A

It is transected by the transverse thoracic plane

52
Q

Where does the Aortic Arch lie while a person is laying down?

A

It is superior to the transverse thoracic plane

53
Q

Where does the Tracheal Bifurcation lie while a person is standing?

A

It is inferior to the transverse thoracic plane

54
Q

Where does the Tracheal Bifurcation lie while a person is laying down?

A

It is transected by the transverse thoracic plane

55
Q

Where does the Central Tendon of Diaphragm lie while a person is standing?

A

It is at the middle of the xiphoid process and T9-T10 intervertebral discs

56
Q

Where does the Central Tendon of Diaphragm lie while a person is laying down?

A

It lies at the level of the xiphisternal junction and vertebra

Anatomy (12 decks)

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