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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two external structures of the Brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
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2
Q

What separates the two hemispheres of the Brain?

A

Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure

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3
Q

What are the “bumps” on the Brain called?

A

Gyri

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4
Q

What are the “grooves” of the Brain called?

A

Sulci

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5
Q

What are the five lobes of the Brain?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Insular
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6
Q

What does the Frontal Lobe of the Brain control?

A
  • Higher executive functions
  • Personality
  • Voluntary movement
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7
Q

What does the Parietal Lobe of the Brain control?

A
  • Somatosensory information processing (pain, touch, temp.)
  • Spatial orientation
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8
Q

What does the Temporal Lobe of the Brain control?

A
  • Processing of sound
  • Speech and memory
  • Emotion
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9
Q

What does the Occipital Lobe of the Brain control?

A

-Visual processing

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10
Q

What does the Insular Lobe of the Brain control?

A
  • Taste integration (“flavor”)
  • Visceral pain sensations
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11
Q

How is the Insular Lobe of the Brain accessed?

A

Through the Lateral Fissure

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the Central Sulcus (groove) of the Brain?

A

Separates the Precentral and Postcentral Gyri

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13
Q

What is the function of the Postcentral Gyrus?

A

Receives Sensory stimuli from the posterior horns of the Spinal Cord

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14
Q

What is the function of the Precentral Gyrus?

A

Send out Motor responses through the anterior horn of the Spinal Cord

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15
Q

What is the Homunculus?

A

Areas of Cortex that receive sensory stimuli or send motor responses to specific parts of the body

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16
Q

What are the three main Gyri of the Anterior Frontal Lobe?

A
  • Superior Frontal Gyrus
  • Middle Frontal Gyrus
  • Inferior Frontal Gyrus
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17
Q

What are the three main Gyri of the Temporal Lobe?

A
  • Superior Temporal Gyri
  • Middle Temportal Gyri
  • Inferior Temportal Gyri
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18
Q

What does the Uncus sit on top of?

A

Amygdala (fear processing center)

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19
Q

Which Cranial Nerve lies near the Uncus?

A

Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor nerve)

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20
Q

Where is the Uncus located?

A

Innermost portion of the Temporal Lobe of the Brain

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21
Q

Describe an Uncal Herniation?

A
  • Epidural bleed increases intracranial pressure
  • Increased pressure pushes Uncus through the Tenorium Cerebelli
  • Uncus presses on CN III affecing its parasympathetic fibers
  • Pupil is unable to constrict and remains fixed and dialated
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22
Q

What is the parasympathetic function of CN III?

A

Constriction of the pupil

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23
Q

What is the result of an injury to the parasympathetic fibers of CN III?

A

Results in a fixed, dialted pupil

(Uncal Herniation)

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24
Q

What structure connects the right and left hemispheres of the Brain?

A

Corpus Callosum

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25
What are the four parts of the Corpus Callosum?
- Rostrum - Genu - Body - Splenium
26
Label this image:
27
What structure lies directly superior to the Corpus Callosum?
Cingulate Gyrus
28
What is the function of the Cingulate Gyrus?
- Processing of emotions - Regulation of behavior
29
Which structure separates the two Lateral Ventricles of the Brain?
Septum Pellucidum
30
What is the function of the Thalamus?
Relays sensory and motor information between the Cortex of the Brain and the Brainstem
31
What is the function of the Hypothalamus?
Regulates: - Hormones - Body temperature - Appetite
32
What is the function of the Brainstem?
Regulation of vital life functions: - Breathing - Heart rate and blood pressure - Consciousness
33
What are the three parts of the Brainstem?
- Midbrain - Pons - Medulla
34
Label the parts of the Brainstem:
35
What is the function of the Cerebellum?
- Proprioception - Balance - Motor learning - Coordination
36
What is an Arnold-Chiari Malformation?
Herniation of the Cerebellar Tonsil through the Foramen Magnum
37
What is the cause of an Arnold-Chiari Malformation?
Neural tube development disorder -May be associated with Spina Bifida
38
What is the main symptom of an Arnold-Chiari Malformation?
Hydrocephalus
39
True or False: CN I neurons synapse at the Olfactory Bulb and are present on the Ventral Brain.
False -CN I neurons are not present on the Ventral Brain
40
True or False: CN I and II are surrounded by Dura Mater.
True
41
Where are the neurons for CN I located?
In nasal epithelium
42
Which two structures are pictured here and to which Cranial Nerve do they originate from?
CN I (Olfactory Nerve) - Olfactory bulb - Olfactory tract
43
Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?
CN II
44
Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?
CN III
45
Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?
CN IV
46
Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?
CN V
47
Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?
CN VI
48
Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?
CN VII
49
Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?
CN VIII
50
Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?
CN IX
51
Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?
CN X
52
Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?
CN XI
53
Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?
CN XII
54
Label the Cranial Nerves.
CN I (Olfactory n.) CN II (Optic n.) CN III (Oculomotor n.) CN IV (Trochlear n.) CN V (Trigeminal n.) CN VI (Abducens n.) CN VII (Facial n.) CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear n.) CN IX (Glossopharyngeal n.) CN X (Vagus n.) CN XI (Accessory n.) CN XII (Hypoglossal n.)
55
What is the name for CN I and is it motor or sensory?
Olfactory Nerve (CN I) -Sensory
56
What is the name for CN II and is it motor or sensory?
Optic Nerve (CN II) -Sensory
57
What is the name for CN III and is it motor or sensory?
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III) -Motor
58
What is the name for CN IV and is it motor or sensory?
Trochlear Nerve (CN IV) -Motor
59
What is the name for CN V and is it motor or sensory?
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) -Both Sensory and Motor
60
What is the name for CN VI and is it motor or sensory?
Abducens (CN VI) -Motor
61
What is the name for CN VII and is it motor or sensory?
Facial Nerve (CN VII) -Both Sensory and Motor
62
What is the name for CN VIII and is it motor or sensory?
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII) -Sensory
63
What is the name for CN IX and is it motor or sensory?
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX) -Both Sensory and Motor
64
What is the name for CN X and is it motor or sensory?
Vagus Nerve (CN X) -Both Sensory and Motor
65
What is the name for CN XI and is it motor or sensory?
Accessory Nerve (CN XI) -Motor
66
What is the name for CN XII and is it motor or sensory?
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) -Motor
67
What is the function of CN I?
Smell
68
What is the function of CN II?
Vision
69
What is the function of CN III?
- Eye movement - Pupil dilation
70
What is the function of CN IV?
Vertical eye movement
71
What is the function of CN V?
Sensory: Facial Sensations Motor: Innervates mucles of mastication
72
What is the function of CN VI?
Lateral movement of the eyes
73
What is the function of CN VII?
Sensory: Taste Motor: Facial expressions
74
What is the function of CN VIII?
- Hearing - Balance
75
What is the function of CN IX?
Sensory: Taste Motor: Swallowing
76
What is the function of CN X?
Sensory: Sensation in throat and internal organs Motor: Phonation, Peristalsis
77
What is the function of CN XI?
Head and shoulder movement
78
What is the function of CN XII?
Tongue movement
79
What structure produces CSF and where is it located?
Choroid plexus produces CSF -Lateral, 3rd, and 4th Ventricles
80
How much CSF is produced in the body every day?
Approximately 400-500 mL per day
81
What are the three functions of CSF?
- Protection (Shock absorption) - Circulation (Nutrient/Waste exchange) - Communication (Hormones/Neurotransmitters)
82
What are the three components of the Choroid Plexus?
- Ependymal cells - Pia Mater - Capillaries
83
How do the Lateral Ventricles communicate with the Third Ventricle?
Through the Interventricular Foramen (of Monro)
84
How does the Third Ventricle communicate with the Fourth Ventricle?
Through the Cerebral Aqueduct
85
Where is the Fourth Ventricle located?
Dorsal to the Pons and Medulla
86
What are the steps in the flow of CSF in the Brain?
1. CSF in Lateral Ventricle 2. CSF passes through Interventricular Foramen 3. CSF enters the Third Ventricle 4. CSF passes through the Cerebral Aqueduct 5. CSF enters the Fourth Ventricle 6. CSF passes through Lateral and Median apetures 7 . CSF enters Cerebellomedullary Cistern 8. CSF enters subarachnoid space 9. CSF filtered into venous system through Arachnoid Granulations
87
What is a Cistern in the Brain?
Widened subarachnoid space where CSF collects
88
What is the major Cistern in the Brain?
Cerebellomedullary Cistern | (Cisterna Magna)
89
What are the three exits for CSF in the Fourth Ventricle?
- Lateral apertures - Median aperture - Central canal of Spinal Cord
90
What is the function of the Arachnoid Granulations?
Allows CSF to be filtered into the venous system (Pressure valve allowing CSF to leave the subarachnoid space and enter the Superior Sagittal Sinus)
91
What causes Hydrocephalus?
Imbalance of resorption or a blockage within the ventricular system
92
How does Hydrocephalus cause damage within the Brain?
Excess CSF may dilate the ventricles and increase intracranial pressure
93
What is Communicating Hydrocephalus?
CSF can flow normally through the ventricles (Issue with CSF reabsorption at Arachnoid Granulations)
94
What is Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus?
CSF cannot flow through the ventricles because they are blocked - Narrow cerebral aqueduct - Tumor - Meningitis
95
What is the treatment for Hydrocephalus?
VP Shunt -Excess CSF is drained into the abdominal cavity to be reabsorbed
96
What is Papilledema?
Swelling of the Optic Nerve and Disc due to increased intracranial pressure
97
What causes Papilledema?
Since the Optic nerve is surrounded by meninges, the dura compresses the nerve and disc when it has excess CSF
98
What are some causes of increased intracranial pressure?
- Hydrocephalus - Tumors - Meningitis - Head trauma - Intracranial hypertension
99
How is a Papilledema diagnosed?
Opthalmologist views the eye with a fundoscope and looks at the optic disc -If the margins are blurred, this indicates Papilledema
100
What is the treatment for Papilledema?
Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration -Make a slit in the Optic nerve sheath to drain excess CSF
101
What are the two arterial systems that supply the Brain?
- Vertebrobasilar system - Internal Carotid Artery system
102
What are the components of the Vertebrobasilar system?
- Vertebral artery - Basilar artery
103
What is the Circle of Willis?
The anastomosis of the Vertebrobasilar and Internal Carotid Artery systems
104
What are the components of the Circle of Willis?
- Internal Carotid Artery - Anterior Cerebral Artery - Anterior Communicating Artery - Posterior Cerebral Artery - Posterior Communicating Artery
105
How does the Internal Carotid Artery enter the Cranial Cavity?
Through the Carotid Canal and through the Cavernous Sinus
106
What is the first branch off the Internal Carotid Artery inside the Cranial Cavity?
Ophthalmic Artery
107
What are the branches of the Internal Carotid Artery on the Ventral surface of the Brain?
- Anterior Cerebral Artery - Middle Cerebral Artery - Anterior Communicating Artery - Posterior Communicating Artery
108
What branches come off the Vertebral arteries inside of the Cranial Cavity?
- Anterior Spinal Artery - Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries
109
What branches come off of the Basilar Artery inside the Cranial Cavity?
- Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries - Superior Cerebellar Arteries - Posterior Cerebral Artery

Anatomy (12 decks)

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