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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two external structures of the Brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
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2
Q

What separates the two hemispheres of the Brain?

A

Longitudinal Cerebral Fissure

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3
Q

What are the “bumps” on the Brain called?

A

Gyri

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4
Q

What are the “grooves” of the Brain called?

A

Sulci

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5
Q

What are the five lobes of the Brain?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
  • Insular
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6
Q

What does the Frontal Lobe of the Brain control?

A
  • Higher executive functions
  • Personality
  • Voluntary movement
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7
Q

What does the Parietal Lobe of the Brain control?

A
  • Somatosensory information processing (pain, touch, temp.)
  • Spatial orientation
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8
Q

What does the Temporal Lobe of the Brain control?

A
  • Processing of sound
  • Speech and memory
  • Emotion
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9
Q

What does the Occipital Lobe of the Brain control?

A

-Visual processing

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10
Q

What does the Insular Lobe of the Brain control?

A
  • Taste integration (“flavor”)
  • Visceral pain sensations
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11
Q

How is the Insular Lobe of the Brain accessed?

A

Through the Lateral Fissure

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the Central Sulcus (groove) of the Brain?

A

Separates the Precentral and Postcentral Gyri

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13
Q

What is the function of the Postcentral Gyrus?

A

Receives Sensory stimuli from the posterior horns of the Spinal Cord

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14
Q

What is the function of the Precentral Gyrus?

A

Send out Motor responses through the anterior horn of the Spinal Cord

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15
Q

What is the Homunculus?

A

Areas of Cortex that receive sensory stimuli or send motor responses to specific parts of the body

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16
Q

What are the three main Gyri of the Anterior Frontal Lobe?

A
  • Superior Frontal Gyrus
  • Middle Frontal Gyrus
  • Inferior Frontal Gyrus
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17
Q

What are the three main Gyri of the Temporal Lobe?

A
  • Superior Temporal Gyri
  • Middle Temportal Gyri
  • Inferior Temportal Gyri
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18
Q

What does the Uncus sit on top of?

A

Amygdala (fear processing center)

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19
Q

Which Cranial Nerve lies near the Uncus?

A

Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor nerve)

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20
Q

Where is the Uncus located?

A

Innermost portion of the Temporal Lobe of the Brain

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21
Q

Describe an Uncal Herniation?

A
  • Epidural bleed increases intracranial pressure
  • Increased pressure pushes Uncus through the Tenorium Cerebelli
  • Uncus presses on CN III affecing its parasympathetic fibers
  • Pupil is unable to constrict and remains fixed and dialated
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22
Q

What is the parasympathetic function of CN III?

A

Constriction of the pupil

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23
Q

What is the result of an injury to the parasympathetic fibers of CN III?

A

Results in a fixed, dialted pupil

(Uncal Herniation)

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24
Q

What structure connects the right and left hemispheres of the Brain?

A

Corpus Callosum

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25
Q

What are the four parts of the Corpus Callosum?

A
  • Rostrum
  • Genu
  • Body
  • Splenium
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26
Q

Label this image:

A
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27
Q

What structure lies directly superior to the Corpus Callosum?

A

Cingulate Gyrus

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28
Q

What is the function of the Cingulate Gyrus?

A
  • Processing of emotions
  • Regulation of behavior
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29
Q

Which structure separates the two Lateral Ventricles of the Brain?

A

Septum Pellucidum

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30
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus?

A

Relays sensory and motor information between the Cortex of the Brain and the Brainstem

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31
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus?

A

Regulates:

  • Hormones
  • Body temperature
  • Appetite
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32
Q

What is the function of the Brainstem?

A

Regulation of vital life functions:

  • Breathing
  • Heart rate and blood pressure
  • Consciousness
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33
Q

What are the three parts of the Brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
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34
Q

Label the parts of the Brainstem:

A
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35
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

A
  • Proprioception
  • Balance
  • Motor learning
  • Coordination
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36
Q

What is an Arnold-Chiari Malformation?

A

Herniation of the Cerebellar Tonsil through the Foramen Magnum

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37
Q

What is the cause of an Arnold-Chiari Malformation?

A

Neural tube development disorder

-May be associated with Spina Bifida

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38
Q

What is the main symptom of an Arnold-Chiari Malformation?

A

Hydrocephalus

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39
Q

True or False: CN I neurons synapse at the Olfactory Bulb and are present on the Ventral Brain.

A

False

-CN I neurons are not present on the Ventral Brain

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40
Q

True or False: CN I and II are surrounded by Dura Mater.

A

True

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41
Q

Where are the neurons for CN I located?

A

In nasal epithelium

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42
Q

Which two structures are pictured here and to which Cranial Nerve do they originate from?

A

CN I (Olfactory Nerve)

  • Olfactory bulb
  • Olfactory tract
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43
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?

A

CN II

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44
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?

45
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?

46
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?

47
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?

48
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?

49
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?

50
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?

51
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?

52
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?

53
Q

Which Cranial Nerve is pictured here?

54
Q

Label the Cranial Nerves.

A

CN I (Olfactory n.)

CN II (Optic n.)

CN III (Oculomotor n.)

CN IV (Trochlear n.)

CN V (Trigeminal n.)

CN VI (Abducens n.)

CN VII (Facial n.)

CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear n.)

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal n.)

CN X (Vagus n.)

CN XI (Accessory n.)

CN XII (Hypoglossal n.)

55
Q

What is the name for CN I and is it motor or sensory?

A

Olfactory Nerve (CN I)

-Sensory

56
Q

What is the name for CN II and is it motor or sensory?

A

Optic Nerve (CN II)

-Sensory

57
Q

What is the name for CN III and is it motor or sensory?

A

Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)

-Motor

58
Q

What is the name for CN IV and is it motor or sensory?

A

Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)

-Motor

59
Q

What is the name for CN V and is it motor or sensory?

A

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

-Both Sensory and Motor

60
Q

What is the name for CN VI and is it motor or sensory?

A

Abducens (CN VI)

-Motor

61
Q

What is the name for CN VII and is it motor or sensory?

A

Facial Nerve (CN VII)

-Both Sensory and Motor

62
Q

What is the name for CN VIII and is it motor or sensory?

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)

-Sensory

63
Q

What is the name for CN IX and is it motor or sensory?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)

-Both Sensory and Motor

64
Q

What is the name for CN X and is it motor or sensory?

A

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

-Both Sensory and Motor

65
Q

What is the name for CN XI and is it motor or sensory?

A

Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

-Motor

66
Q

What is the name for CN XII and is it motor or sensory?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)

-Motor

67
Q

What is the function of CN I?

68
Q

What is the function of CN II?

69
Q

What is the function of CN III?

A
  • Eye movement
  • Pupil dilation
70
Q

What is the function of CN IV?

A

Vertical eye movement

71
Q

What is the function of CN V?

A

Sensory: Facial Sensations

Motor: Innervates mucles of mastication

72
Q

What is the function of CN VI?

A

Lateral movement of the eyes

73
Q

What is the function of CN VII?

A

Sensory: Taste

Motor: Facial expressions

74
Q

What is the function of CN VIII?

A
  • Hearing
  • Balance
75
Q

What is the function of CN IX?

A

Sensory: Taste

Motor: Swallowing

76
Q

What is the function of CN X?

A

Sensory: Sensation in throat and internal organs

Motor: Phonation, Peristalsis

77
Q

What is the function of CN XI?

A

Head and shoulder movement

78
Q

What is the function of CN XII?

A

Tongue movement

79
Q

What structure produces CSF and where is it located?

A

Choroid plexus produces CSF

-Lateral, 3rd, and 4th Ventricles

80
Q

How much CSF is produced in the body every day?

A

Approximately 400-500 mL per day

81
Q

What are the three functions of CSF?

A
  • Protection (Shock absorption)
  • Circulation (Nutrient/Waste exchange)
  • Communication (Hormones/Neurotransmitters)
82
Q

What are the three components of the Choroid Plexus?

A
  • Ependymal cells
  • Pia Mater
  • Capillaries
83
Q

How do the Lateral Ventricles communicate with the Third Ventricle?

A

Through the Interventricular Foramen (of Monro)

84
Q

How does the Third Ventricle communicate with the Fourth Ventricle?

A

Through the Cerebral Aqueduct

85
Q

Where is the Fourth Ventricle located?

A

Dorsal to the Pons and Medulla

86
Q

What are the steps in the flow of CSF in the Brain?

A
  1. CSF in Lateral Ventricle
  2. CSF passes through Interventricular Foramen
  3. CSF enters the Third Ventricle
  4. CSF passes through the Cerebral Aqueduct
  5. CSF enters the Fourth Ventricle
  6. CSF passes through Lateral and Median apetures

7 . CSF enters Cerebellomedullary Cistern

  1. CSF enters subarachnoid space
  2. CSF filtered into venous system through Arachnoid Granulations
87
Q

What is a Cistern in the Brain?

A

Widened subarachnoid space where CSF collects

88
Q

What is the major Cistern in the Brain?

A

Cerebellomedullary Cistern

(Cisterna Magna)

89
Q

What are the three exits for CSF in the Fourth Ventricle?

A
  • Lateral apertures
  • Median aperture
  • Central canal of Spinal Cord
90
Q

What is the function of the Arachnoid Granulations?

A

Allows CSF to be filtered into the venous system

(Pressure valve allowing CSF to leave the subarachnoid space and enter the Superior Sagittal Sinus)

91
Q

What causes Hydrocephalus?

A

Imbalance of resorption or a blockage within the ventricular system

92
Q

How does Hydrocephalus cause damage within the Brain?

A

Excess CSF may dilate the ventricles and increase intracranial pressure

93
Q

What is Communicating Hydrocephalus?

A

CSF can flow normally through the ventricles

(Issue with CSF reabsorption at Arachnoid Granulations)

94
Q

What is Non-Communicating Hydrocephalus?

A

CSF cannot flow through the ventricles because they are blocked

  • Narrow cerebral aqueduct
  • Tumor
  • Meningitis
95
Q

What is the treatment for Hydrocephalus?

A

VP Shunt

-Excess CSF is drained into the abdominal cavity to be reabsorbed

96
Q

What is Papilledema?

A

Swelling of the Optic Nerve and Disc due to increased intracranial pressure

97
Q

What causes Papilledema?

A

Since the Optic nerve is surrounded by meninges, the dura compresses the nerve and disc when it has excess CSF

98
Q

What are some causes of increased intracranial pressure?

A
  • Hydrocephalus
  • Tumors
  • Meningitis
  • Head trauma
  • Intracranial hypertension
99
Q

How is a Papilledema diagnosed?

A

Opthalmologist views the eye with a fundoscope and looks at the optic disc

-If the margins are blurred, this indicates Papilledema

100
Q

What is the treatment for Papilledema?

A

Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration

-Make a slit in the Optic nerve sheath to drain excess CSF

101
Q

What are the two arterial systems that supply the Brain?

A
  • Vertebrobasilar system
  • Internal Carotid Artery system
102
Q

What are the components of the Vertebrobasilar system?

A
  • Vertebral artery
  • Basilar artery
103
Q

What is the Circle of Willis?

A

The anastomosis of the Vertebrobasilar and Internal Carotid Artery systems

104
Q

What are the components of the Circle of Willis?

A
  • Internal Carotid Artery
  • Anterior Cerebral Artery
  • Anterior Communicating Artery
  • Posterior Cerebral Artery
  • Posterior Communicating Artery
105
Q

How does the Internal Carotid Artery enter the Cranial Cavity?

A

Through the Carotid Canal and through the Cavernous Sinus

106
Q

What is the first branch off the Internal Carotid Artery inside the Cranial Cavity?

A

Ophthalmic Artery

107
Q

What are the branches of the Internal Carotid Artery on the Ventral surface of the Brain?

A
  • Anterior Cerebral Artery
  • Middle Cerebral Artery
  • Anterior Communicating Artery
  • Posterior Communicating Artery
108
Q

What branches come off the Vertebral arteries inside of the Cranial Cavity?

A
  • Anterior Spinal Artery
  • Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries
109
Q

What branches come off of the Basilar Artery inside the Cranial Cavity?

A
  • Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries
  • Superior Cerebellar Arteries
  • Posterior Cerebral Artery

Anatomy (12 decks)

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