Superficial Face and Scalp

Question 1

What are the layers of the scalp from superficial to deep?

Answer 1

Skin, connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, and pericranium

Question 2

What is found in the skin of the scalp?

Answer 2

Abundant arterial supply, glands

Question 3

What is found in the connective tissue of the scalp?

Answer 3

Thick, dense, richly vascularized subcutaneous layer, nerves

Question 4

What is found in the aponeurosis of the scalp?

Answer 4

Broad, strong, tendinous sheet, attachment for muscles

Question 5

What is found in the loose connective tissue of the scalp?

Answer 5

Sponge-like layer, potential space

Question 6

What is found in the pericranium of the scalp?

Answer 6

Dense layer of connective tissue that forms the external periosteum of the neurocranium

Question 7

What are the muscles of facial expression? What nerve innervates these muscles?

Answer 7

Frontalis, orbicularis oculi, levator labii superioris, zygomaticus major/minor, risorius, orbicularis oris, platysma, and buccinator

Innervated by CN VII (facial)

Question 8

What are the muscles of mastication? What nerve innervates these muscles?

Answer 8

Temporalis, masseter, medial/lateral pterygoid

Innervated by CN V (trigeminal)

Question 9

What are the branches of the facial nerve (CN VII)?

Answer 9

Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical branches of the facial nerve

NOT to be confused with the buccal nerve or mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

Question 10

The facial nerve gives sensory innervation to what?

Answer 10

Anterior 2/3s of the tongue via chorda tympani

Question 11

The facial nerve gives parasympathetic fibers to what?

Answer 11

Lacrimal gland, submandibular gland, and sublingual salivary glands; production of tears

Question 12

What is the function of the trigeminal nerve?

Answer 12

Cutaneous sensation to the face via opthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) branches; also motor innervation to muscles of mastication via V3

Question 13

What are the blood vessels of the face and scalp?

Answer 13

Facial artery/vein, superficial temporal, transverse facial artery/vein, supraorbital artery/vein, and supratrochlear artery/vein

Question 14

What lymph nodes make up the superficial ring (pericervical collar)?

Answer 14

Submental (lower lip, chin, floor of mouth, tip of tongue), submandibular (gingiva, teeth, lateral lower lip and the upper lip), parotid (anterior ear and upper half of face and scalp), mastoid (posterolateral aspect of scalp), and occipital (posterior scalp and neck)

Question 15

What lymph nodes make up the deep cervical lymphatics?

Answer 15

Jugulo-digastric and jugulo-omohyoid

Question 16

A 28 year old woman at 19 weeks of pregnancy complains of acute onset of numbness of the right cheek and drooping of the right face that occurred over 1 hour. She denied head trauma. On examination, the patient has difficulty closing her right eyelid, and her right nasolabial fold is smoother than on the left. She is drooling from the right side of her mouth.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

What is the anatomical mechanism for this condition?

Answer 16

Diagnosis:

Anatomical mechanism:

Question 17

A 35 year old woman complains of spasms of ecruciating pain of the right cheek and chin. These pain episodes last for a few seconds and are intense. She had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis 2 years previously. Her physician says that her problem is related to the nerve that innervates the skin of the cheek area.

What is the most likely diagnosis?

What is the anatomical explanation for this condition?

Answer 17

Diagnosis:

Anatomical explanation:

Question 18

What lymph nodes drain to the deep cervical lymph nodes?

Answer 18

Submental, submandibular, and parotid

Question 19

What lymph nodes drain to the superficial cervical lymph nodes?

Answer 19

Mastoid and occipital

Question 20

Eventually, all lymphatic drainage will end up where?

Answer 20

Deep cervical lymph nodes