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Neuro Exam 1 - JLJ > Ear Development > Flashcards

Ear Development Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the external ear?

A

Auricle (pinna), external acoustic meatus, and external layer of tympanic membrane

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2
Q

What makes up the middle ear?

A

3 ossicles, internal layer of tympanic membrane, and middle ear cavity

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3
Q

What makes up the internal ear?

A

Vestibulocochlear organ

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4
Q

What is the auricle derived from? What embryological layer does this come from?

A

Derived from PA1 and PA2; comes from neural crest cells

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5
Q

What are auricular hillocks?

A

Mesenchymal swellings covered with ectoderm

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6
Q

What nerves give innervation to the external ear?

A

Great auricular, V3 (auriculotemporal branch), VII, and X (auricular branches)

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7
Q

Where is the external auditory meatus derived from? What is posterior to this meatus?

A

First pharyngeal cleft; meatal plug

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8
Q

Where is the inner ear derived from?

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

What week does the otic placode, otic pit, and otic vesicle all develop? What do these form?

A

4th week; primordium of membranous labyrinth

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10
Q

What makes up the membranous labyrinth?

A

Utricle (dorsally) and saccule (ventrally)

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11
Q

What are the components of the utricle?

A

Endolymphatic duct and sac, semicircular ducts and ampullae, a lateral canal, and the macula of the utricle

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12
Q

What are the components of the saccule?

A

Cochlear duct, ducuts reunions, the macula of the saccule, and the organ of Corti

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13
Q

What are the hair cells of the inner ear and what do they do?

A

Ampullae: function during acceleration

Macula: function with gravity

Organ of Corti: function in sound vibration

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14
Q

What is the innervation of the inner ear?

A

VIII; specifically the vestibular ganglion and the spiral (cochlear) ganglion

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15
Q

What is perilymph and the perilymphatic duct? What is the ion content of perilymph and what is it similar to?

A

Perilymphatic duct is usually patent - a free passage from the subarachnoid space into the inner ear; perilymph may come from filtration of blood in perilymphatic space; it is similar in ion content to CSF (high Na, low K and protein)

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16
Q

What produces endolymph? What is the ion content and what is it similar to?

A

Stria vascularis appears to produce endolymph while endolymphatic sacs store endolymph; similar in ion content to intracellular fluid (high K and protein, low Na)

17
Q

What is the bony labyrinth? What are the vacuoles in the bony labyrinth?

A

It is a condensation of mesenchyme; vacuoles are perilymphatic space (semicircular ducts), scala vestibuli, and scala tympani

18
Q

What happens to the bony labyrinth?

A

Ossifies and becomes the petrous part of the temporal bone

19
Q

In the middle ear, where does the external auditory meatus come from?

A

1st pharyngeal cleft (ectoderm)

20
Q

In the middle ear, where does the tubotympanic recess come from?

A

1st pharyngeal pouch (endoderm)

21
Q

In the middle ear, where does the tympanic membrane come from?

A

Derived from ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

22
Q

In the middle ear, where does the malleus and incus come from? Stapes?

A

Malleus and Incus: PA1

Stapes: PA2

23
Q

In the middle ear, what are the ossicles covered with?

A

Endodermal epithelium

24
Q

Where does the tensor tympani insert? What is its action? Where is it derived from?

A

Insertion: into handle of malleus

Action: prevents damage from loud sounds

Derived: PA1 mesoderm

25
Q

Where does the stapedius insert? What is its action? Where is it derived from?

A

Insertion: neck of stapes

Action: pulls the stapes posteriorly and tilts its base in the oval window; prevents damage from loud sounds

Derived: PA2 mesoderm

26
Q

What is congenital deafness? What is it usually caused by?

A

Occurs when inner ear forms independently from the middle and external ears; usually caused by genetic factors; can be caused by defects in neurosensory sensory structures of the inner ear and other problems

27
Q

Another cause of congenital deafness is maldevelopment of sound-conduction apparatus of the middle and external ears. Why does this occur?

A

It is a PA1 syndrome, specifically abnormalities of the malleus and incus or congenital fixation of the stapes

28
Q

What infections can cause congenital deafness?

A

Rubella, cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, syphilis, and zika

29
Q

Explain a rubella infection in terms of congenital deafness

A

Infection during 7th-8th week can cause defects of the spiral organ and deafness

30
Q

What is the leading cause of congenital sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Cytomegalovirus

31
Q

What ear defects can cytomegalovirus cause?

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

32
Q

What ear defects can rubella virus cause?

A

Sensorineural deafness

33
Q

What ear defects can toxoplasma gondii cause?

A

Hearing loss

34
Q

What ear defects can treponema pallidum cause?

A

Congenital deafness

Neuro Exam 1 - JLJ (17 decks)

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