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Neuro Exam 1 - JLJ > Histology of the Nasal and Oral Cavities > Flashcards

Histology of the Nasal and Oral Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

What makes of respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

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2
Q

What are the hallmarks of respiratory epithelium?

A

Cilia, a gazillion goblet cells, and thick basement membrane

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3
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

Rich, vascular network with complex set of capillary loops

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4
Q

What is the nasal cavity divided by? What are the regions?

A

Divided by nasal septum; regions are nasal vestibule, respiratory region, and olfactory region

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5
Q

Where is the nasal vestibule located? What is it lined by?

A

Just inside the nostrils, lined by skin

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6
Q

What is the respiratory region and what is it lined by?

A

Inferior 2/3 of nasal cavities, lined with respiratory mucosa

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7
Q

What is the olfactory region and what is it lined by?

A

Located at the apex (upper 1/3), lined by specialized olfactory mucosa

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8
Q

What is the function of the nasal cavities?

A

Adjusts temperature and humidity of inspired air; enhanced by large surface area provided by the turbinate bones

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9
Q

What is the nasal vestibule made of?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (skin)

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10
Q

What is the respiratory region made of?

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

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11
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air-filled spaces in the bones of the walls of the nasal cavity; sinuses communicate with the nasal cavities via narrow openings onto the respiratory mucosa; often subject to acute infection after viral infection of the upper respiratory tract and severe infections may require physical drainage

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12
Q

What are the hallmarks of olfactory mucosa?

A

Dramatically thicker, lacks goblet cells, and a thin basement membrane

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13
Q

Why don’t we have goblet cells in the olfactory mucosa?

A

Because we have olfactory glands

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14
Q

What is the olfactory mucosa made of?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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15
Q

What do olfactory glands secrete?

A

Serous secretions that dissolve odorant molecules

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16
Q

What are olfactory receptor cells?

A

Have single dendritic process; specialized, non motile cilia w/ odorant receptors; ligand binding causes signals to be sent to olfactory bulb

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17
Q

What are basal cells?

A

Stem cells for olfactory receptor and supporting cells

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18
Q

What are brush cells?

A

Ciliated, columnar epithelial cells, in contact with CN V

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19
Q

What are supporting/sustentacular cells?

A

Mechanical and metabolic support to olfactory receptor cells

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20
Q

What is the oral mucosa?

A

Protective mucous membrane that lines the oral cavity

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21
Q

What is the oral cavity made of?

A

Stratified squamous with varying keratinization

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22
Q

What is the oral mucosa divided into?

A

Lining, masticatory, and specialized mucosa

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23
Q

What is the lamina propria in the oral cavity?

A

Dense collagenous tissue that supports the mucosa; composed of fibroblasts, WBCs, and collagen fibers

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24
Q

The lamina propria is divided into 2 layers. What are they and describe them?

A

Papillary Layer: superficial, loose CT with neurovasculature

Dense Layer: deep, dense irregular CT with large amounts of fibers

A sub-mucosa layer is present depending on location: comprised of loose CT, adipose tissue, and salivary glands

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25
Q

Where is the masticatory mucosa found?

A

Hard palate, gingiva, and dorsal surface of tongue

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26
Q

What is the masticatory mucosa made of?

A

Keratinized and/or parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

27
Q

Describe the masticatory mucosa?

A

Nuclei are highly condensed and remain until the cells are exfoliated; highly interdigitated with rete ridges and papillae; thin or absent sub-mucosa

28
Q

Where is the lining mucosa found?

A

Lips, cheeks, alveolar mucosal surface, floor of the mouth, inferior surfaces of the tongue, and soft palate

29
Q

Describe the lining mucosa

A

Fewer rete ridges and connective tissue papillae; has distinct sub-mucosa

30
Q

What is the lining mucosa made of?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, but may be parakeratinzed in selected locations

31
Q

The lining mucosa is divided into 3 layers. What are they and describe them

A

Stratum Basale: single layer of cells resting on basal lamina

Stratum Spinosum: several cells thick

Stratum Superficiale: most superficial layer of cells (surface layer of the mucosa)

32
Q

Where is the specialized mucosa found?

A

Restricted to dorsal surface of the tongue

33
Q

What is the function of the specialized mucosa?

A

Associated with sensation of taste

34
Q

What is the specialized mucosa made of?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous covers muscular surface of the tongue; contains lingual papillae and taste buds responsible for gustation

35
Q

What are the lingual papilla made of and describe them

A

Structures of keratinized epithelium with lamina propria; small, elevated structures of specialized mucosa, some of which are associated with taste buds

36
Q

Describe the filiform papillae

A

Move food toward pharynx for swallowing; give dorsal surface of tongue velvety texture; shaped like fine-pointed cone; no taste buds

37
Q

Describe the foliate papillae

A

Vertical ridges on lateral surface of tongue in more posterior regions; provide taste sensation

38
Q

Describe fungiform papillae

A

Dorsal surface of tongue, found in lesser numbers; provide taste sensation

39
Q

Describe circumvallate papillae

A

7-15 raised mushroom-shaped structures, anterior to sulcus terminalis; sunken appearance surrounded by trench; hundreds of taste buds present

40
Q

What are taste buds?

A

Barrel-shaped organs that perceive food molecules; comprised of 30-80 spindle-shaped cells that extend from the basement membrane

41
Q

What are the 5 taste sensations taste buds can have?

A

Sweet, salty, sour/acidic, bitter, and umami; each taste bud can discern all five tastes but appear to concentrate on 2 of the 5

42
Q

Where are taste buds present?

A

Tongue, glossopalatine arch, soft palate, posterior surface of epiglottis, and posterior wall of pharynx

43
Q

What are neruroepithelial (sensory) cells related to taste buds?

A

Elongated cells that extend from the basal lamina of the epithelium to the taste pore; will extend a microvilli through the pore; synapse with afferent sensory neurons of CN VII, IX, or X

44
Q

What are supporting cells related to taste buds?

A

Elongated cells that extend from the basal lamina to the taste pore; contain microvilli on their apical surface and do NOT synapse with the nerve cells

45
Q

What are basal cells related to taste buds?

A

Small cells located in the basal portion of the taste bud, near the basal lamina; stem cells for the 2 other cell types, supporting cells and neuroepithelial (sensory) cells

46
Q

How often do we turnover taste buds?

A

About every 10 days

47
Q

What are tonsils?

A

Large, irregular masses of aggregated lymphoid tissue; nodules typically dispersed singly in a random manner; can be partially encapsulated

48
Q

What is the function of tonsils?

A

Protect against inhaled or ingested substances

49
Q

Where are tonsils located?

A

Mucosa of posterior oral cavity, oropharynx, and nasopharynx

50
Q

What are palatine tonsils made of?

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; densely populated with lymphocytes

51
Q

Describe palatine tonsils

A

Possess 10-20 deep invaginations called tonsillitis crypts; dense CT acts as a partial capsule

52
Q

Describe pharyngeal tonsils

A

Single structure, located on posterior wall of nasopharynx; covered with pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium; thin underlying capsule; invaginated mucosa with shallow infoldings but no crypts

53
Q

Describe lingual tonsils

A

Positioned along base of tongue; covered with stratified squamous epithelium; possess germinal centers, varying numbers of crypts, and lacks a capsule

54
Q

Teeth are divided into a crown and root. Describe both

A

Crown: projects into oral cavity and protected by enamel

Root: embedded in the alveolar ridge of an alveolus (tooth socket)

55
Q

What is the bulk of the tooth made of (root and crown)?

A

Dentin

56
Q

What is dentin?

A

Encloses central pulp chamber, containing pulp; composed of calcified organic matrix similar to that of bone; contains hydroxyapatite crystals

57
Q

What is the root of the tooth invested by?

A

Thin layer of cementum

58
Q

What are dentin all tubules?

A

Parallel tubes that radiate to the periphery of the dentin

59
Q

What is enamel?

A

Translucent substance composed of parallel enamel rods (prisms) of calcium hydroxyapatite; rods are cemented together by an almost equally calcified interprismatic material

60
Q

What is cementum?

A

Amorphous calcified tissue (calcium hydroxyapatite) into which the PDL (periodontal ligament) is anchored: covers the dentin in the root; thicker towards the apex of the root

61
Q

What is the pulp?

A

Consists of loose, mesenchymal CT; collagen fibers, fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells; highly vascular, well-innervated; provides nutrition to dentin, can form reactive dentin due to chronic injury

62
Q

What is the periodontium?

A

Consists of cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and gingiva

63
Q

What is the PDL?

A

Inserts into cementum and alveolar bone that lines the alveolus; comprised of collagen fibers

Neuro Exam 1 - JLJ (17 decks)

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