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Neuro Exam 1 - JLJ > Anatomy and Histology of the Ear > Flashcards

Anatomy and Histology of the Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What is the external ear?

A

Auricle to tympanic membrane

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2
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane to oval window

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3
Q

What is the inner ear?

A

Oval window to internal acoustic meatus

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4
Q

What arteries supply the external ear?

A

Posterior auricular, superficial temporal, and anterior auricular arteries

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5
Q

What nerves supply the external ear?

A

VII, lesser occipital and greater auricular (from cervical plexus), auriculotemporal (from V), X, and IX

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6
Q

What do ceruminous glands do?

A

Make wax

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7
Q

What glands are found in the external auditory canal?

A

Ceruminous and sebaceous glands

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8
Q

Where is the only place in the body where skin, periosteum, and bone exist directly on top of each other with no connective tissue?

A

Inner 1/3 of external acoustic meatus (synonymous with external auditory canal)

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9
Q

What is the tympanic membrane made of?

A

Outside layer is stratified squamous and inside layer is simple cuboidal

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10
Q

What is the function of the tympanic membrane? What 2 parts make up the tympanic membrane?

A

Moves with sound and transmits to ossicles; has flaccid and tense part

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11
Q

Where is the middle ear located?

A

In petrous portion of temporal bone

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12
Q

What 2 parts make up the middle ear?

A

Tympanic cavity proper (mesotympanum) and epitympanic recess

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13
Q

What are the boundaries of the middle ear (roof, floor, lateral/medial/posterior/anterior walls)?

A

Roof: tegmental wall

Floor: jugular wall

Lateral: membranous wall

Medial: labyrinthine wall

Posterior: mastoid wall

Anterior: carotid wall

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14
Q

What prominences are found in the carotid (anterior) wall?

A

Lateral semicircular canal, facial nerve, labyrinth wall (promontory)

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15
Q

What does the pharyngotympanic tube do?

A

Connects tympanic cavity (middle ear) with the nasopharynx (back of the throat) and equalizes pressure in middle ear

Posterolateral part is bone but the rest is cartilage

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16
Q

Compare the external auditory meatus to the pharyngotympanic tube?

A

EAM: distal 2/3 is cartilage and proximal 1/3 is bone

Pharyngotympanic Tube: distal 2/3 is bone and proximal 1/3 is cartilage

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17
Q

What muscles act on the pharyngotympanic tube? What do they do?

A

Levator Veli Palatini: contracts longitudinally which pushes against one wall

Tensory Veli Palatine: pulls on the other wall

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18
Q

What are the 3 auditory ossicles? What do they do?

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes; bridge tympanic membrane with the oval window of cochlea

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19
Q

What are the parts of the malleus?

A

Head, neck, handle

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20
Q

What are the parts of the incus?

A

Body, short/long processes

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21
Q

What are the parts of the stapes?

A

Head, limbs, and base

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22
Q

What is the innervation and action of the tensor tympani muscle?

A

Innervation: V

Action: pulls on handle to tense membrane and reduce amplitude

23
Q

What is the innervation and action of the stapedius muscle?

A

Innervation: VII

Action: pulls stapes posteriorly tightening annular ligament attaching it to the window

24
Q

What is the bony labyrinth?

A

Cavity within the petrous region of the temporal bone; it is lined with endosteum and is separated from the membranous labyrinth by perilymph

25
Q

What is the membranous labyrinth? What is it divided into?

A

Made of small sacs and tubes within the bony labyrinth; forms a continuous space enclosed with epithelium; divided into cochlear duct and the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals; contain sensory cells (hair cells)

26
Q

What is the cochlear canal?

A

Spiral space within bone containing the cochlear duct

27
Q

What is the cochlear duct?

A

Divides canal into 3 parallel compartments; scala media, scala tympani, scala vestibuli

28
Q

What is the scala media?

A

Middle compartment; contains endolymph; stria vascularis is the lateral wall of scala media and is the source of endolymph

29
Q

What is the scala vestibuli?

A

Contains perilymph moved by stapes at oval window; continuous with scala tympani

30
Q

What is the scala tympani?

A

Connected to round window

31
Q

What is the organ of Corti?

A

On floor of scala media resting on basilar membrane; composed of hair cells, inner/outer phalangeal cells, and pillar cells

32
Q

What is the outer spiral lamina?

A

Inner spiraling bony shelf serving as support for tectorial membrane and spiral ganglia

33
Q

How many rows of outer and inner hair cells are there?

A

3 rows of outer hair cells and 1 row of inner hair cells

34
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

Catches sound waves and directs them to the EAM, which continues to transmit sound waves to the tympanic membrane; also serves as a spot to check temperature

35
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Takes sound waves from external ear and turns it into a physical movement; sound waves move tympanic membrane, moves the malleus, moves the incus, moves the stapes, which pushes on the oval window

36
Q

What actually leads to changes in pressure in the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane can bulge out, tensor tympani can contract or relax, and fluids can go in and out

37
Q

What is the function of the inner ear?

A

Responsible for balance; also responsible for taking external sound waves and transforming them into usable information for the brain

38
Q

What is the path of sound waves in the inner ear?

A

Stapes moves oval window causing fluid pressure wave formation in perilymph; wave distorts vestibular membrane causing a pressure wave within endolymph of scala media; this displaces the basilar membrane and distorts stereocilia of hair cells; pressure in perilymph is then transferred to scala tympani and exits via round window

39
Q

What is the function of the cupulla?

A

Serves as sensor of rotational velocity

40
Q

Both the saccule and utricle of the vestibule contain a macula. What makes up a macula?

A

Comprised of cluster of hair cells with stereocilia and overlying gelatinous material called otolithic membrane

41
Q

What is an otolithic membrane?

A

Covered with calcium carbonate/protein crystals called otoconia

42
Q

What is the function of the utricle?

A

Linear acceleration and head tilts in horizontal plane

43
Q

What is the function of the saccule?

A

Linear acceleration and head tilts in vertical plane

44
Q

What is the target of ototoxicity effects by antibiotics?

A

Hair cells

45
Q

Where is the perilymphatic space?

A

Between bony and membranous labyrinths

46
Q

Where is the endolymphatic space?

A

Within membranous labyrinth

47
Q

Where is the corticolymphatic space?

A

Within organ of corti

48
Q

What is damage to the tympanic membrane usually caused by? What antibiotic should you avoid in treatment?

A

Medial ear pressure because of fluid or barotrauma or external trauma; gentamicin

49
Q

What is mastoiditis?

A

Infection of mastoid cells; can spread into cranial fossa via petrosquamous cranial suture; treated with antibiotics

50
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Ear ache with possible fluid or pus in middle ear due to inflammation or infection; tympanic membrane appears red and bulged; fluid may be visible through membrane; untreated can impair hearing and scarring of auditory ossicles

51
Q

What is the #1 reason for hospital visits?

A

Otitis media

52
Q

What is Meniere’s Syndrome?

A

Associated with increase endolymph volume leading to abnormal signaling; cause is unclear; mild cases treated with meds, severe cases require surgical ablation; experience dizziness, vertigo, high-pitched rushing or roaring sound and fluctuating hearing loss

53
Q

Where can hearing loss occur?

A

All portions of the ear (external, middle, internal)

Neuro Exam 1 - JLJ (17 decks)

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