Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Where do parasympathetic fibers exit from the CNS?

Answer 1

Cranial and sacral regions

Question 2

Where do sympathetic fibers exit from the CNS?

Answer 2

Thoracic and lumbar regions

Question 3

Where are parasympathetic ganglion located?

Answer 3

On/near the target organ

Question 4

Where are sympathetic ganglion located?

Answer 4

Sympathetic chain

Question 5

Is the length of pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers short or long?

Answer 5

Long (must travel to ganglion on the target organ)

Question 6

Is the length of pre-ganglionic sympathetic fibers short or long?

Answer 6

Short (must travel to sympathetic chain, just outside the spine)

Question 7

Is the length of post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers short or long?

Answer 7

Long

Question 8

Is the length of post-ganglionic parasympathetic fibers long or short?

Answer 8

Short

Question 9

Draw and explain a reflex arc

Answer 9

No, really, do it!

Question 10

Sensory information is relayed from the periphery to the central nervous system via the ____________ neuron.

Answer 10

Afferent

Question 11

For many motor reflexes, the neuronal circuit creating it is found within the ________ ________.

Answer 11

…

Question 12

The _________ neuron (usually an alpha-motor neuron) relays the signal to the ___________ muscle.

Answer 12

…

Question 13

In autonomic (visceral) reflexes, processing of the inputs occurs in the ________ especially the __________.

Answer 13

…

Question 14

The autonomic nervous system takes the place of the alpha-______________.

Answer 14

…

Question 15

Draw out and explain an autonomic reflex arc

Answer 15

No, really, do it!

Question 16

What neurotransmitter is released at synapse #1 of parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglion?

Answer 16

Acetylcholine

Question 17

What receptor is present on the post-ganglionic cell in both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems?

Answer 17

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors

Question 18

What neurotransmitter is released on the target tissue in the parasympathetic system?

Answer 18

Acetylcholine

Question 19

What receptor is present on the target tissue cell in the parasympathetic system?

Answer 19

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor

Question 20

Describe type 1 muscarinic receptors

Answer 20

Found in CNS (not autonomic, play a role in memory); found in salivary glands to increase secretion; found in acid secreting cells of the stomach to increase secretion

Question 21

Describe type 2 muscarinic receptors

Answer 21

Cardiac to slow heart rate

Question 22

Describe type 3 muscarinic receptor

Answer 22

Found in smooth muscle cells for contraction and exocrine glands for secretion

Question 23

Describe type 4 and 5 muscarinic receptors

Answer 23

4: role is uncertain
5: found in CNS, role is uncertain

Question 24

What effect must type 2 muscarinic receptors have on K+ channels in order to slow the heart rate?

Answer 24

…

Question 25

Describe alpha-1 adrenergic receptors

Answer 25

Lead to increased Ca2+ intracellularly; located on smooth muscle of blood vessels (constriction), urinary and reproductive tracts, liver, adipose, lacrimal glands, and radial muscle of iris (dilates pupil)

Question 26

Describe alpha-2 adrenergic receptors

Answer 26

Leads to decreased adenylate cyclase/cAMP; located on GI sphincters, pancreas (increase glucagon and decrease insulin), smooth muscle of blood vessels (dilation), and platelets

Question 27

Describe beta-1 adrenergic receptors

Answer 27

Lead to increased adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP production; located on cardiac tissue, specifically the SA node to increase heart rate and ventricular muscle to increase the strength of a contraction; also salivary glands and adipose tissue

Question 28

Describe beta-2 adrenergic receptors

Answer 28

Lead to increased adenylate cyclase and cAMP production; located on bronchiole smooth muscle, GI urinary, vascular, and reproductive smooth muscle, and the liver

Question 29

Describe beta-3 adrenergic receptors

Answer 29

Lead to increased adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP production; located on white adipose tissue (lipolysis) and brown adipose tissue (heat production)

Question 30

What neurotransmitter is released on the target tissue in the sympathetic system?

Answer 30

Norepinephrine

Question 31

What receptor is present on the target tissue cell in the sympathetic system?

Answer 31

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

Question 32

What cells in the adrenal medulla make and release epinephrine as part of the sympathetic response?

Answer 32

Chromaffin cells

Question 33

What receptors must be activated to release epinephrine into the blood?

Answer 33

Muscarinic receptors

Question 34

Pre-ganglionic axons leave the spinal cord and pass through the ganglion without ______ and synapse on _________ cells of the adrenal medulla.

Answer 34

…

Question 35

The pre-ganglionic axon releases _______, which binds to ______ receptors on the adrenal cells.

Answer 35

…

Question 36

Describe the parasympathetic response

Answer 36

“Rest and Digest”

Plenty of oxygen, slow heart beat, relatively low BP, digesting food so intestine gets the blood, and get fuel from GI tract

Question 37

Describe the sympathetic response

Answer 37

“Fight or Flight”

Need lots of oxygen so get oxygen through muscle, hear pumping hard and fast, not worried about digesting; need fuel to run