Super Cells (Biology) Flashcards
What is a plasmid ?
A small ring of genetic material in a bacterial cell
What is a cell membrane
The cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances such as O2, CO2, glucose and waste to and form all cells
What is a cytoplasm
Watery, jelly-like material within cells containing organ cells that are the sites of various chemical reactions
What is a cell wall
The outer layer of plant,fungal and bacterial cells, which helps support the cell
What is a vacuole
Membrane-bound sae that stores a solution of water, salts and sugars and helps support plant and fungal cells
What is a chloroplast
Makes carbohydrate in green plant cells using light energy in the process of photosynthesis
What is a mitrochondrion
Main site of ATP production in aerobic respiration in animal, plant and fungal cells.
What is a ribosome
Site of protein synthesis in cells
What cells have a nucleus
Animal
Plant
Fungal
What cells have a plasmid
Bacterial
What cells have a cell membrane
Animal
Plant
Fungal
Bacterial
What cells have a cytoplasm
Animal
Plant
Fungal
Bacterial
What cells have a cell wall
Plant
Fungal
Bacterial
What cells have a vacuole
Plant
Fungal
What cells have a chloroplast
Plant
What cells have a mitrochondrion
Animal
Plant
Fungal
What cells have a ribosome
Animal
Plant
Fungal
Bacterial
Describe the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane
The plasma membrane is said to be selectively permeable; it controls which substances enter and leave the cell. Three main process are involved in transporting molecules and ions across the membrane - diffusion, osmosis and active transport
What is diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from s area of high concentration to a low concentration
What is a concentration gradient
The difference that excuse between two regions before diffusion
Why is diffusion described as a passive process ? What does this mean?
It is described as a passive process because it doesn’t require any energy
Which type of molecule readily pass across the plasma membrane by diffusion
It is water. Water uses diffusion, to pass through easily. Tiny molecules = uncharged
Why are ions unable to move across the membrane by simple diffusion
They depend on the membrane’s channel proteins and carrier proteins because they are charged
What is hypertonic
Means high sugar, low water
What is hypotonic
Means low sugar, high water
What is osmosis
The movement of water from a high water concentration to a lower water concentration
Does osmosis need energy
Osmosis is a special case of diffusion (diffusion of water). Like diffusion it is also a passive process and therefore does not require an input of energy in order to proceed
What is isotonic
If two solutions have equal solute concentrations they are said to be ISOTONIC
What are the effects of osmosis on the red blood cells
Hypotonic - water passes in from HWC to LWC and the cell bursts (haemolysis)
Isotonic- no yet gain or loss of water and cell remains unchanged
Hypertonic- water passes out from HWC to LWC and the cell shrinks (Crenated)
What are the effects of osmosis on plant cells
Hypotonic-water passes in from HWC to LWC and the cell burst
Isotonic- not gained or loss of water and cell remains unchanged
Hypertonic-water passes out from HWC to LWC and cell shrinks
Explain why red blood cells burst (lyse) when placed in a hypotonic solution
It bursts because water passes in from the HWC to LWC so water comes in, it makes the cell expand, then it bursts
Plant cells are placed in hypotonic surroundings. Where does water accumulate
The vacuole is where the water acculate
Explain why plant cells don’t burst when placed in hypotonic surroundings
The cytoplasm and plasma membrane pushes against the cell, as this process continues the wall presses back (wall pressure) and it prevents further water from entering (it’s very strong)
Which word describes “fully inflated” plant cell?
Turgid
Explain the significance of this state in the stem and leaf cells of young or herbaceous (non-woody) plants
The plant needs water to live (stand up right) and to keep their shape, if they lose or don’t get enough water, they will die/wilt
Describe the events that occur in plant cells leading up to plasmolysis
The contents have shrunk and pulled away from the cell a wall
What is active transport
Active transport is the movement of molecules and ions across the plasma membrane from a low to a high concentration. Active transport works in the opposite direction to passive of diffusion and most use energy
What are cells
In multicellular organisms, different cells become specialised to carry out different functions. Most cells within an organism have identical genetic material but in a particular type of specialised cell only some of it is used. Cells become specialised as their genetic material allows the production of specific proteins. These are different in different cells
What is the job of the sperm cell
These cells carry half the genetic information. They have tails to swim towards the egg cell
What is the job of a red blood cell
These cells are adapted to carry oxygen to other cells
What is the job of a nerve cell
These cells can be very long (up to 2m) to carry messages around the body
What is the job of the muscle cell
These cells can change their length to help us move
What’s the job of a ciliates epithelial cell
These cells are found in tubes leading to the lungs and in the oviduct. The hairs (called cilia) move dirt out of the lungs and help to move eggs along the oviduct
What’s the root hair cells job
The root hair gives these cells a bigger surface area to take in water from the soil
What’s the job of the palisade cell
These cells contain chloroplasts to help the plant make food by photosynthesis
Describe the tissue cell
A living tissue is made from a group of cells with a similar structure and function, which all work together to do a particular job. Examples of animal tissues include muscle and nervous tissues. Plant tissues include xylem, phloem and root epidermis
Describe the organs cells
An organ is made up of a group of different tissues working together to perform a particular function. Different organs carry out different functions. Examples of organs in animals include the brain,heart,lungs, stomach and skin. Plant organs include the stem,root,leaf and flower.
What are the organ systems
An organ system is made up of a group of different organs that work together to do a particular job. Examples of organ systems in animals include the skeletal system, muscular system, digestive system, respiratory system, nervous system and circulatory system. Plant systems include vascular system in shoots and roots.
What’s the job of the skeletal system
Provides structure to the body and protects internal organs
Whats the job of the muscular system
Supports the body and allows it to move
What’s the job of the nervous system
Controls sensation, thought, movement and virtually all other body activities
What’s the job of the digestive system
Breaks down food and absorbs its nutrients
What’s the job of respiratory system
Takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
What’s the job of the circulatory system
Transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to cells and carries away wastes
Describe the level of organisation in the body
Cells, tissues, organs and systems are often referred to as the levels of organisation within the body of an animal or plant. These levels of organisation in the human circulatory system and the vascular system of a flowering plant are summarised
What’s the order of level of organisation (human body)
Specialised cell -> tissue-> organ-> system-> organism
Muscle cell. Muscle. Heart. Circulatory. Human body
Cell. System
What’s the order of level of organisation (plants)
Specialised cell ->. Tissue ->. Organ ->. System ->. Organism
Root hair cell. Root tissue. Root. Vascular Plant
Bundles make
Up transport system
What is a nucleus ?
The nucleus contains DNA in the animal, plant and fungal cell. It controls the cells activities
