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Test Flash cards > Super Cells (Biology) > Flashcards

Super Cells (Biology) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a plasmid ?

A

A small ring of genetic material in a bacterial cell

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2
Q

What is a cell membrane

A

The cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances such as O2, CO2, glucose and waste to and form all cells

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3
Q

What is a cytoplasm

A

Watery, jelly-like material within cells containing organ cells that are the sites of various chemical reactions

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4
Q

What is a cell wall

A

The outer layer of plant,fungal and bacterial cells, which helps support the cell

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5
Q

What is a vacuole

A

Membrane-bound sae that stores a solution of water, salts and sugars and helps support plant and fungal cells

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6
Q

What is a chloroplast

A

Makes carbohydrate in green plant cells using light energy in the process of photosynthesis

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7
Q

What is a mitrochondrion

A

Main site of ATP production in aerobic respiration in animal, plant and fungal cells.

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8
Q

What is a ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis in cells

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9
Q

What cells have a nucleus

A

Animal
Plant
Fungal

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10
Q

What cells have a plasmid

A

Bacterial

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11
Q

What cells have a cell membrane

A

Animal
Plant
Fungal
Bacterial

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12
Q

What cells have a cytoplasm

A

Animal
Plant
Fungal
Bacterial

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13
Q

What cells have a cell wall

A

Plant
Fungal
Bacterial

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14
Q

What cells have a vacuole

A

Plant

Fungal

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15
Q

What cells have a chloroplast

A

Plant

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16
Q

What cells have a mitrochondrion

A

Animal
Plant
Fungal

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17
Q

What cells have a ribosome

A

Animal
Plant
Fungal
Bacterial

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18
Q

Describe the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane

A

The plasma membrane is said to be selectively permeable; it controls which substances enter and leave the cell. Three main process are involved in transporting molecules and ions across the membrane - diffusion, osmosis and active transport

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19
Q

What is diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from s area of high concentration to a low concentration

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20
Q

What is a concentration gradient

A

The difference that excuse between two regions before diffusion

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21
Q

Why is diffusion described as a passive process ? What does this mean?

A

It is described as a passive process because it doesn’t require any energy

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22
Q

Which type of molecule readily pass across the plasma membrane by diffusion

A

It is water. Water uses diffusion, to pass through easily. Tiny molecules = uncharged

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23
Q

Why are ions unable to move across the membrane by simple diffusion

A

They depend on the membrane’s channel proteins and carrier proteins because they are charged

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24
Q

What is hypertonic

A

Means high sugar, low water

25
Q

What is hypotonic

A

Means low sugar, high water

26
Q

What is osmosis

A

The movement of water from a high water concentration to a lower water concentration

27
Q

Does osmosis need energy

A

Osmosis is a special case of diffusion (diffusion of water). Like diffusion it is also a passive process and therefore does not require an input of energy in order to proceed

28
Q

What is isotonic

A

If two solutions have equal solute concentrations they are said to be ISOTONIC

29
Q

What are the effects of osmosis on the red blood cells

A

Hypotonic - water passes in from HWC to LWC and the cell bursts (haemolysis)
Isotonic- no yet gain or loss of water and cell remains unchanged
Hypertonic- water passes out from HWC to LWC and the cell shrinks (Crenated)

30
Q

What are the effects of osmosis on plant cells

A

Hypotonic-water passes in from HWC to LWC and the cell burst
Isotonic- not gained or loss of water and cell remains unchanged
Hypertonic-water passes out from HWC to LWC and cell shrinks

31
Q

Explain why red blood cells burst (lyse) when placed in a hypotonic solution

A

It bursts because water passes in from the HWC to LWC so water comes in, it makes the cell expand, then it bursts

32
Q

Plant cells are placed in hypotonic surroundings. Where does water accumulate

A

The vacuole is where the water acculate

33
Q

Explain why plant cells don’t burst when placed in hypotonic surroundings

A

The cytoplasm and plasma membrane pushes against the cell, as this process continues the wall presses back (wall pressure) and it prevents further water from entering (it’s very strong)

34
Q

Which word describes “fully inflated” plant cell?

A

Turgid

35
Q

Explain the significance of this state in the stem and leaf cells of young or herbaceous (non-woody) plants

A

The plant needs water to live (stand up right) and to keep their shape, if they lose or don’t get enough water, they will die/wilt

36
Q

Describe the events that occur in plant cells leading up to plasmolysis

A

The contents have shrunk and pulled away from the cell a wall

37
Q

What is active transport

A

Active transport is the movement of molecules and ions across the plasma membrane from a low to a high concentration. Active transport works in the opposite direction to passive of diffusion and most use energy

38
Q

What are cells

A

In multicellular organisms, different cells become specialised to carry out different functions. Most cells within an organism have identical genetic material but in a particular type of specialised cell only some of it is used. Cells become specialised as their genetic material allows the production of specific proteins. These are different in different cells

39
Q

What is the job of the sperm cell

A

These cells carry half the genetic information. They have tails to swim towards the egg cell

40
Q

What is the job of a red blood cell

A

These cells are adapted to carry oxygen to other cells

41
Q

What is the job of a nerve cell

A

These cells can be very long (up to 2m) to carry messages around the body

42
Q

What is the job of the muscle cell

A

These cells can change their length to help us move

43
Q

What’s the job of a ciliates epithelial cell

A

These cells are found in tubes leading to the lungs and in the oviduct. The hairs (called cilia) move dirt out of the lungs and help to move eggs along the oviduct

44
Q

What’s the root hair cells job

A

The root hair gives these cells a bigger surface area to take in water from the soil

45
Q

What’s the job of the palisade cell

A

These cells contain chloroplasts to help the plant make food by photosynthesis

46
Q

Describe the tissue cell

A

A living tissue is made from a group of cells with a similar structure and function, which all work together to do a particular job. Examples of animal tissues include muscle and nervous tissues. Plant tissues include xylem, phloem and root epidermis

47
Q

Describe the organs cells

A

An organ is made up of a group of different tissues working together to perform a particular function. Different organs carry out different functions. Examples of organs in animals include the brain,heart,lungs, stomach and skin. Plant organs include the stem,root,leaf and flower.

48
Q

What are the organ systems

A

An organ system is made up of a group of different organs that work together to do a particular job. Examples of organ systems in animals include the skeletal system, muscular system, digestive system, respiratory system, nervous system and circulatory system. Plant systems include vascular system in shoots and roots.

49
Q

What’s the job of the skeletal system

A

Provides structure to the body and protects internal organs

50
Q

Whats the job of the muscular system

A

Supports the body and allows it to move

51
Q

What’s the job of the nervous system

A

Controls sensation, thought, movement and virtually all other body activities

52
Q

What’s the job of the digestive system

A

Breaks down food and absorbs its nutrients

53
Q

What’s the job of respiratory system

A

Takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

54
Q

What’s the job of the circulatory system

A

Transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to cells and carries away wastes

55
Q

Describe the level of organisation in the body

A

Cells, tissues, organs and systems are often referred to as the levels of organisation within the body of an animal or plant. These levels of organisation in the human circulatory system and the vascular system of a flowering plant are summarised

56
Q

What’s the order of level of organisation (human body)

A

Specialised cell -> tissue-> organ-> system-> organism
Muscle cell. Muscle. Heart. Circulatory. Human body
Cell. System

57
Q

What’s the order of level of organisation (plants)

A

Specialised cell ->. Tissue ->. Organ ->. System ->. Organism
Root hair cell. Root tissue. Root. Vascular Plant
Bundles make
Up transport system

58
Q

What is a nucleus ?

A

The nucleus contains DNA in the animal, plant and fungal cell. It controls the cells activities

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