Multicellular Organisms (Biology) Flashcards
What are the positive impacts on society with stem cells
Saves burnt patients life
Embryonic stems cells may lead to Bildungsroman new hearts - save lives
Reducing animal testing
What are the negative impacts on society with stem cells
Skin transplants can’t grow hair and can’t sweat
Embryonic stem cells are controversial some people believe it’s killing a human life
What are stem cells
Stem cells are relatively unspecialised/ undifferentiated cells that have the ability to reproduce into a diverse range of specialised cells
What type of cell can the stem cell divide into
When a Stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential either to remain a Stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialised function, such as MUSCLE, a RED BLOOD cell, or a NERVE cell.
Where does growth take place in animals
In animals growth occurs all over the body
Where does growth take place in plants
I plants growth is restricted to meristems
What is a meristem
A meristem is a group of undifferentiated plant cells which are capable of dividing repeatedly.
They produce undifferentiated plant cells which have the potential to become any type of plant cell
What are the two main areas of which plant growth is concentrated
The apical meristems
The lateral meristems
What is the apical meristems
They are found ah the root & shoot tips (growth in height/ length of plant)
What is the lateral meristems
Growth on the girth of the stem/ branch
What does CNS mean
Central nervous system
What are neurons
Nerves.
Neuron is the correct name for a nerve cell.
They carry messages as electrical impulses
There are three different types of neurons
What is the CNS made of
The brain and the spinal cord
What are the three different types of neurons
Relay neurons
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
What is the job of the relay neurons
These carry impulses within the CNS
What is the job of the sensory neurons
These carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS
What is the job of the motor neurons
These carry impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands
What is synapse
There is a small gap between two neurons. This is called synapse.
To be transmitted, the nerve impulse needs to get across the gap.
Chemicals called NEUROTRANSMITTERS carry the impulse across
What is a reflex action
A reflex action is a rapid, involving, protective response.
What are the uses of stem cells
They are used to make new cells. Treat burnt patients with transplants. Transfer messages from brain to body. Transport oxygen Embryonic stem cells used in cells Treat leukaemia Treat diabetes
How is the brain divided
The brain is divided into different areas, each of with has a specific function.
What are the three key areas of a brain
The CEREBRUM
The CEREBRLLUM
The MEDULLA (brain stem)
What is the function of the CEREBRUM
Controls conscious thought, thinking, emotions and intelligence
What is the function of the CEREBELLUM
Controls muscle coordination and balance
What is the function of the MEDULLA
Controls unconscious activities e.g. heart rate, breathing, peristalsis (most important organs
What are hormones
They are chemical messengers. They carry messages around the body.
They are usually small molecules made by a gland. They are secreted following a suitable stimulus and transported in the blood.
Where is insulin produced, what is it’s target organ and what is it’s function
Pancreas
Liver
Controls blood sugar level
Where is glucagon produced, what is it’s target organ and what is it’s function
Pancreas
Liver
Changes into glucose to rise blood glucose levels
Where is A.D.H (antidurctic hormone) produced, what is it’s target organ and what is it’s function
Pituitary gland (brain)
Kidneys
Retain some water in when releasing the urine
Where is testosterone produced, what is it’s target organ and what is it’s function
Testes
Testes
Changes at puberty and stimulates sperm production
Where is oestrogen produced, what is it’s target organ and what is it’s function
Ovary
Ovaries
Changes at puberty and helps control the menstural cycle
What is glucose
Glucose is a vital fuel which can be used in the brain (cells in the brain).
Even sitting still or being active- the glucose level will drop
What happens when there is an increase in blood glucose concentration
The pancreas detects change
Insulin (opposite of glucagon) is produced (GLUCOSE —> glycogen)
Blood glucose concentration decreases
What happens when there is an decrease in blood glucose concentration
Pancreas detect change
Glucagon is produced ( GLYCOGEN - stored in liver- —-> glucose
Blood glucose concentration increases
What is type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes means that a person cannot produce enough insulin. This means they have a high blood glucose level. Type 1 diabetes is treated by injecting insulin regularly throughout the day.
What is type two diabetes
In people suffering from type 2 diabetes this is when the Ella no longer respond to insulting type 2 is treated using lifestyle changes.
What are the symptoms for both diabetes
Symptoms for both include, damage to delicate blood vessels especially in eyes and kidneys. Polyuria is another symptom it is when the person urinates more.
What temperature should the body be
Normal human body temperature is 37 decrease C.
The body tries to always stay at this temperate
What does THERMOREGULATION mean
Controlling the body temperature
What happens when we over heat
If the body temperature increases the skin can take the following actions to try to bring the temperate back down.
- more sweating
- hairs on arms flatten
- Arterioles under the skin dilate so you become red (VASODILATION)
What happens when we over cool?
If the body temperature decreases the skin can take the following actions to try to bring the temperature back up
- shivering
- increase of chemical reactions
- less sweating
- hairs on arms stand on end
- arteriates under the skin construct so you become pale (VASOCONSTRICTION)
What are the involuntary changes when we over heat ?
Sweating.
Hairs on arms flatten
Vasodilation
Decrease in chemical reactions
What are the involuntary changes when we over cool ?
Less sweat
Hairs in arm stand in end
Vasoconstriction
Shivering/increase in chemical reactions
What are the voluntary changes when we over heat ?
Take off clothes
Cool drink
Shade from the heat
What are the voluntary changes when we over cool ?
Put on extra clothes
Hot drink
Heart source
What is reproduction
For sexual reproduction to occur an organisation must produce gametes. Gametes are another name for sex cells. A zygote is a fertilised egg
