Summary

Question 1

What causes plaque formation?

Answer 1

High blood lipids (high LDL and low HDL)

Question 2

What does plaque formation lead to?

Answer 2

Narrow, rough, rigid arteries

Question 3

What does rough, rigid, arteries lead to? (3)

Answer 3

• Blood clots (thrombus)
• Decreased flow to heart (angina)
• Decreased blood flow to kidneys

Question 4

What do blood clots lead to? (2)

Answer 4

• Break away (embolus)

- Blood vessel occlusion

Question 5

How can you intervene to decrease plaque formation?

Answer 5

• Maintain healthy body weight (exercise) (increases HDL)
• Moderate alcohol (increases HDL)
• Soluble fibre
• Sodium/Potassium ratio for blood pressure
• Increase omega-3 versus omega-6 (intervenes on blood clots)

Question 6

What do blood vessel occlusions lead to?

Answer 6

Tissue death (sudden, acute)
which lead to myocardial infarction and stroke

Question 7

What does decreased blood flow to kidneys lead to? And what does that lead to?

Answer 7

• Retaining more H2O and subsequently Na
• Constrict blood vessels
  Leads to increased blood pressure

Question 8

What does increased blood pressure lead to? (3)?

Answer 8

• Aneurysm
• Heart works harder (congestive heart failure)
• Injures blood vessels which increases plaque formation

Question 9

What increases blood glucose?

Answer 9

Insulin resistance and/or glucose intolerance

Question 10

What does increase blood glucose lead to? (2)

Answer 10

• Increase fatty acid synthesis in liver

- Apolipoprotein damage

Question 11

What does increased fatty acid synthesis due to increased blood glucose lead to?

Answer 11

Higher VLDL and HDL production

Question 12

What does apolipoprotein damage due to increased blood glucose lead to?

Answer 12

Decreased LDL clearance (uptake by liver) since the LDL is glycated (more able to invade artery walls –> accelerates type II)

Question 13

What does increased VLDL and LDL / decreased LDL clearance lead to?

Answer 13

Increased blood lipids

Question 14

What is the treatment for atherosclerosis?

Answer 14

NCEP diets, drugs

Question 15

What is the treatment for hypertension?

Answer 15

Decrease salt, increase K, Ca, anti-hypertension drugs, alcohol in moderation

Question 16

What is the treatment for type II diabetes?

Answer 16

Weight loss/activity/fibre, oral glucose tolerance drugs

Question 17

What is the treatment for osteoporosis?

Answer 17

Calcium, vitamin D, activity, drugs

Question 18

What is the screening test for atherosclerosis?

Answer 18

Blood cholesterol, lipid profile

Question 19

What is the screening test for hypertension?

Answer 19

Blood pressure

Question 20

What is the screening test for type II diabetes?

Answer 20

Urinalysis - glucose

Question 21

What is the screening test for osteoporosis?

Answer 21

DEXA, bone densitometry

Question 22

What reason does the general population think is behind beef being linked with CVD, cancer and diabetes?

Answer 22

Saturated fat increases LDL but lean beef is low (probably NOT the mechanism)

Question 23

Name 3 reasons why beef is behind being linked with CVD, cancer and diabetes.

Answer 23

1) Cooking: heterocyclic amines (from grilling, smoke from coals)
2) Processed meats (nitrate and nitrite converted to nitrosamines)
3) Heme iron: triggers formation of nitrosamines in colon

Question 24

What kind of damage do nitrosamines cause?

Answer 24

Pancreatic damage and GI cancer

Question 25

What are positive health aspects of animal products?

Answer 25

• high quality protein, high nutrient density
• highly bioavailable Fe, Zn, Mn
• vitamin B12, D
• thiamin,Ca,B6,A, riboflavin
• linked to chronic degenerative disease

Question 26

What are positive health aspects of plant products?

Answer 26

• moderate in energy and protein
• decreased fat, sat fat, cholesterol
• increased fibre, Mg, folate, antioxidants
• other physiologically active substances
• long term health

Question 27

Name 4 negative aspects of vegan diets.

Answer 27

• lack of vitamin B12, D
• low Ca, Fe, Zn
• phytates and oxalate  mineral bioavailability
• greatest impact during pregnancy and growth years

Question 28

How do vegetarian diets affect children? (4)

Answer 28

• high bulk, low energy density - satiety
• low growth and weight gain
• Vitamin D (rickets)
• Iron (anemia)