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1) Nutrition & Health > Alcohol, Water, Sodium > Flashcards

Alcohol, Water, Sodium Flashcards

1
Q

How many alcoholic beverages can males drink max? Females? What is the max on any occasion?

A

Males: 1-2
Females: 1
Max 4

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2
Q

What does alcohol has to be consumed with?

A

With food

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3
Q

Who should avoid alcohol?

A

Avoid if pregnant, operating machinery, can’t control intake

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4
Q

What is one drink in terms of ethanol?

A

1/2 oz pure ethanol

12 oz beer, 10 oz wine cooler, 1 1/2 oz liquor, 5 oz wine

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5
Q

Why do men get to drink more than women?

A

Men have ADH in the stomach, unlike women, which is why they metabolize more

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6
Q

What does ethanol do in the brain?

A
  • Sedates inhibitory nerves

- Narcotic sedative and depressive

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7
Q

What are the effects of alcohol in the brain? From smallest alcoholic consumption to largest:

A

1) Judgement and reasoning
2) Vision and speech (0.10%)
3) Coordination of voluntary muscles
4) Stupor, confusion
5) Respiration and heart action

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8
Q

What is blood alcohol percentage?

A

grams per 100 grams/mL of blood

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9
Q

What is the maximum blood alcohol percent when driving?

A

0.08%

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10
Q

What happens when blood alcohol reach 0.4-0.6%?

A
  • Potentially fatal
  • Brain cells can’t regenerate (permanent damage)
  • Liver can regenerate – up to a point
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11
Q

How is alcohol metabolized?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase converts it to acetaldehyde

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12
Q

What is CoA?

A

coenzyme A

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13
Q

What does the conversion of alcohol to acetyl CoA require?

A

The B vitamins in its role as the coenzyme NAD.

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14
Q

What is NAD+?

A

NAD+ = niacin

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15
Q

Where is ethanol absorbed from?

A

If we don’t eat, will absorb fast from the stomach

Absorbed quickly from the stomach and duodenum

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16
Q

What is ADH? Where is it found?

A

Alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

- Located in liver and in the stomach (ONLY IN MEN)

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17
Q

What is microsomal ethanol oxidizing system found?

A

Mitochondria of liver

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18
Q

What is inducible? What is non inducible?

A
  • Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System is inducible

- ADH is non inducible

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19
Q

How is Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System inducible?

A

+ alcohol, - drug metabolism
+ drug, - alcohol metabolism
ex: crowded vs empty highway

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20
Q

Acetyl CoA molecules are blocked from getting into the TCA cycle by high levels of what? What does that cause?

A
  • By NADH
  • Become building blocks for fatty acids
  • increased serum TG, increased risk of fatty liver - cirrhosis, ketones,
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21
Q

How does alcohol disturb metabolism?

A
  • Less NAD+
  • More H+ (generating acid)
  • Acetyl CoA produced produces fatty acids and ketones rather than entering TCA cycle
  • Decreased gluconeogenesis
  • Decreased protein synthesis
  • Liver damage
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22
Q

How does less NAD+ compromise metabolism?

A

pyruvate produces lactate rather than acetyl CoA

Slows down glycolysis and TCA cycle

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23
Q

How does more H+ compromise metabolism?

A

acidosis along with lactate and increased ketone bodies

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24
Q

How does decreased gluconeogenesis compromise metabolism?

A

Ketosis

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25
Q

What kind of liver damage can alcohol produce?

A

Fibrosis then cirrhosis

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26
Q

What are heavy alcoholics likely to have? Why?

A
  • Malnutrition

- In part from the empty calories from alcohol

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27
Q

What can alcohol malnutrition lead to?

A
  • Empty calories
  • Compromised vitamin status
  • Dehydration (diuretic)
  • Increased FA synthesis, AA catabolism
  • Decreased protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis
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28
Q

Name some compromised vitamin status due to alcohol and malnutrition.

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome – thiamin destruction
Anemia – folate excretion
Decreased vitamin D activation in liver
B6 loss from binding protein

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29
Q

What is the incidence of fetal alcohol disorder?

A

1 and 9 per 1000 live births

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30
Q

How is alcohol toxic to the fetus?

A

Alcohol crosses the placenta freely & is directly toxic

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31
Q

What damage is caused by fetal alcohol disorder?

A

Irreversible brain damage Growth restriction Cognitive impairment Facial abnormalities (eyes unevan, absence of groove in upper lip)
Vision abnormalities

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32
Q

How does the damage occur in fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

direct - intoxication, teratogenic effects

indirect – malnutrition

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33
Q

How much alcohol is safe during pregnancy?

A

No safe limit

Women should stop drinking as soon as they PLAN to become pregnant

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34
Q

What does the French Paradox study state?

A

France: low CVD despite high saturated fat
intake
France was the only country that did not have a high death rate from CVD despite high saturated fat intake

35
Q

What causes the French Paradox?

A

Very unclear, points to an association

  • Alcohol or flavinoids or combination
  • Resveratrol protects against LDL oxidation
36
Q

What does alcohol increase?

A

Increases HDL levels

37
Q

What does consuming alcohol in moderation increase the risk of?

A 
hypertension
stroke
cirrhosis
cancer - oral, stomach, colon, breast, prostate
ulcers
osteoporosis psychological depression fetal alcohol syndrome drunk driving 
insomnia
Alcoholism
Cost $200 billion/y
38
Q

What are personal strategies to prevent alcoholism?

A 
drink non-alcoholic beverages 
drink in moderation
drink slowly
drink with food
don’t drive
seek help if needed
39
Q

How many North Americans abuse alcohol? What # leading cause of preventable death?

A
  • 20 million

- 3rd leading cause

40
Q

What are medications used to treat alcoholism?

A

Antabuse (blocks AcAld DH) - higher sensitivity to alcohol, effects of a hangover are felt almost immediately after consumption
Reviva (decrease craving and the high)

41
Q

What is cirrhosis? What is it caused by?

A

IRREVERSIBLE liver damage caused by alcohol, hepatitis B or C, iron toxicity (hemachromatosis)

42
Q

How does cirrhosis develop? What can it lead to? How do you treat?

A
  • As liver constantly repairs, accumulation of fibrosis tissue, scars and nodules and connective tissue – impaired function
  • Leads to carcinoma –> liver resection, transplant
43
Q

What is the fatty accumulation called in cirrhosis? Inflammation?

A

Fatty accumulation: steatosis

Inflammation: hepatitis

44
Q

Which one is outside and which one is inside of cells: Na+ and K+?

A

Outside: Sodium
Inside: K+
Sodium Potassium ATPase pumps potassium in and sodium out

45
Q

What happens is there is too much extracellular potassium?

A

Stopping the heartbeat –> do this in surgery during a bypass

46
Q

Name some functions of water.

A

 nutrient absorption and transport
 biochemical reactions
 solvent
 lubricant
 shock absorber (ex: cerebral spinal fluid in brain)
 temperature regulation (move water around to help get rid of heat –> sweating)
 excretion of wastes

47
Q

Name some function of electrolytes.

A

fluid compartments and balance
acid/base balance
muscle contractions
conduction of nerve impulses

48
Q

What is the recommended water intake? What is the average recommended intake for women? Men?

A

ecommended intake 1 to 1.5 mL/kcal /energy expenditure

 2.7 L for women and 3.7 L for men

49
Q

Name the 3 electrolytes.

A

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride

50
Q

What circumstances would increase water intake?

A

 pregnant and lactating women
 diarrhea and vomiting (more importantly, they lose electrolytes)
 fever, heavy exercise
 elderly, air travel
 hot environment (sweat evaporates really fast, we may not realize how much water we’re losing)

51
Q

What is implicated in thirst mechanisms? Are they fast or slow?

A
  • Dry mouth sensations, stomach, hypothalamus

- They are slow, can lag behind the need, often confused with the “hungry” signal

52
Q

What are the components of water intake?

A

1200: liquid
1000 mL: food
300 mL: metabolic

53
Q

What are the components of water output? How much urine do the kidneys NEED to excrete per day?

A 
1200 mL: kidneys
800 mL: skin
350 mL: lungs
150 mL: feces
- MUST lose 500 mL of urine
54
Q

Can water be toxic? How?

A

We can’t process and excrete it all –> edema

55
Q

What is the role of sodium? Where is it located?

A
  • Blood volume regulation

- Extracellular cation

56
Q

What is the role of potassium? Where is it located?

A
  • Function of nerve and muscle cells

- Intracellular cation

57
Q

How do potassium losses occur? Who is that a concern for?

A
  • Vomiting and diarrhea
  • Elderly and children
  • People who are on diuretics (for hypertension)
58
Q

What happens when you add salt to an eggplant?

A
  • High water concentration to low water concentration –> water droplets
59
Q

How many liters do we secrete and absorb in the GI tract per day?

A

10 L/d

60
Q

What kind of hormones do the kidneys contain?

A

hormone regulate water and sodium excretion

61
Q

What is the issue with water and diabetes?

A

Lose glucose and water

62
Q

What is oral rehydration therapy?

A

Solutions that are good for young children + elderly that contain water and sodium and potassium and some sugar. In Quebec, they are available at the pharmacy behind the counter.

63
Q

What regulates the concentration of urine? What colour urine do you want?

A
  • Kidneys

- Colour as light as possible

64
Q

What is the upper limit systolic/diastolic blood pressure? What is the unit?

A

120mmHg/80mmHg

The maximal pressure over the minimal pressure

65
Q

What is a high systolic/diastolic blood pressure? What does this indicate?

A

130/85

Hypertension

66
Q

How did we used take blood pressure?

A
  • Cuff attached fairly tightly on the upper arm (brachial artery - high pressure that corresponds to the contraction of the ventricles of your heart)
  • Pressure meter
  • Bulb that you pump, cuff becomes really tight, person gradually loosens and lets air out
  • When you begin to hear that sound and when you don’t hear that sound anymore (artery is open all the time)
67
Q

How is blood pressure taken now?

A

It is automatic

68
Q

Which number are we most concerned about in terms of blood pressure?

A

Diastolic, because that’s the pressure that the system is under all the time

69
Q

How much cardiac output do the kidneys receive?

A

Kidney receives 25% cardiac output (filtering all the blood)

70
Q

Describe how blood is filtered and reabsorbed in a nephron.

A

Learn it.

71
Q

What happens when the there is reduced blood flow? What happens if there is a problem with the renal artery?

A
  • Retain more sodium so that water is retained as well, thus increasing blood volume
  • Also, constrict blood vessels to make the size of the system smaller
    If there is a problem with the renal artery (atherosclerosis that reduces blood flow), sets up a greater activation of this system and a greater retention of sodium
72
Q

How does the brain respond to high salt concentration?

A
  • Hypothalamus reponds by stimulating the pituitary gland
  • Which releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Which allows you to save water
73
Q

Explain how the kidneys and brain are involved in increasing blood pressure.

A

Learn it.

74
Q

What is the AI and UL for sodium? How many men and women consume more than the UL?

A

AI: 1500 mg/day
UL: 2300 mg/d
90% of men and 60% of women consume more than UL

75
Q

What is the AI and UL for potassium? Most people consume less than what % of RDA?

A

AI: 4700 mg/day
UL: none
most people consume less than 50% of the RDA

76
Q

What is the goal in terms of sodium?

A

To be at the UL (2300 mg/d) by 2016 (Sodium Working Group Report in 2010)

77
Q

What is DASH?

A
  • Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
  • Increased V&F (increased potassium)
  • 30% of kcals from fat (nuts, fish, whole grains, low-fat dairy)
  • Emphasizes vegetarian protein sources
  • Restricts sodium altogether with an increase in potassium
    • Quick and great reduction of blood pressure
78
Q

What does the DASH diet provide that lowers blood pressure? What does it also help reduce?

A
  • Fibre, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium
     lower blood pressure
     lowers cholesterol and LDL cholesterol
     prevents/reduces hypertension when combined with a low sodium diet
79
Q

What is the prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension in Canada? What does this mean in terms of blood pressure number?

A

> 120/80

  • 20% has HT
  • 20% has prehypertension
80
Q

What is an achievable, cost effective, efficient way to decrease CVD and stroke?

A

Reducing sodium intake (independent of energy)

- Saves 3 billion by reducing to 1800 mg/d

81
Q

How many grams of salt does one teaspoon contain? What should we focus on lowering to reduce sodium?

A

6 grams = 1 tsp = 2400 mg = around the UL

- Read labels on processed and prepared foods (77% of sodium)

82
Q

Name some functions of salt and sodium-containing additives in food.

A
  • Microbial food preservation
  • Texture, flavour, colour
  • Control fermentation in bread and cheese
83
Q

Name some ways to reduce sodium and increase potassium to prevent hypertension.

A
  • Consume a diet rich in vegetables and fruit
  • Use low-fat dairy products
  • Reduce saturated and total fat intake
  • Reduce sodium intake
  • Limit alcohol intake
  • Exercise regularly
  • Lose weight if overweight
    Basically the DASH diet, but this is the general public health recommendation.

1) Nutrition & Health (21 decks)

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