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1) Nutrition & Health > Pregnancy and Lactation > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

How can a father’s lifestyle affect his child?

A
  • Consuming too few fruits and vegetables can affect his AND child’s fertility
  • Also sedentary lifestyle
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2
Q

How can high intakes of alcohol in the father affect his child?

A

Can damage his sperms’ genetic material

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3
Q

What is the best predictor of a baby’s health?

A

Birth weight

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4
Q

How should parents prepare for pregnancy?

A
  • Achieve and maintain healthy body weight
  • Consume an adequate and balanced diet
  • Be physically active
  • Manage chronic conditions
  • Special attention to folate status
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5
Q

What is the ideal birth weight at term?

A

3.5 kg

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6
Q

How much qualifies the baby as large for their gestational age (LGA)? What is that an indicator for?

A

> 4.5 kg

Diabetic mother

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7
Q

How much qualifies the baby as small for their gestational age (SGA)? What is that an indicator for?

A

< 2.5 kg

Intrauterine growth retardation

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8
Q

What consequences affect PREMATURE infants that are appropriate weight for their gestational age?

A

Health consequences concerning the lungs, gut and kidneys

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9
Q

What does a small for their gestational age (SGA) premature baby indicate?

A

Malnourished AND premature

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10
Q

How long should pregnancy last? What is qualified as premature?

A
  • Should last 40 weeks

- < 36 weeks is premature

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11
Q

What percent of babies are LGA and SGA?

A

Both are 5%, the average weight is the ideal (3.5kg)

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12
Q

How much should babies weigh at 30 weeks? What are the problems they face?

A
  • 2kg

- Sucking reflex is not working well, must be fed

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13
Q

How much should babies weigh at 24 weeks? What are the problems they face?

A
  • 500 grams

- Lower body temp, lower fat -> kept in an incubator

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14
Q

How are babies nourished?

A

Through the placenta

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15
Q

What is exchanged through the placenta?

A

Nutrients, oxygen and waste

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16
Q

What is the baby floating in?

A

Amniotic fluid

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17
Q

What is the placenta?

A

Organ in which maternal and fetal blood circulate in close proximity

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18
Q

What does the baby use amniotic fluid for?

A
  • Drinks it, urinates in it = essential to grow properly

- Composition of amniotic fluid is important

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19
Q

What does the umbilical cord attach?

A

Attaches the placenta to the fetus

  • Two arteries carry blood to the placenta
  • Larger vein returns blood to the fetus
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20
Q

Where does the placenta originate from?

A

From fertalized egg

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21
Q

What is transported from the fetus to the mother by way of the placenta?

A

Waste to mom, nutrients to fetus

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22
Q

Name the 4 events of pregnancy.

A

1) Fertilization (zygote)
2) Embryo (8 weeks)
3) Fetus (11 weeks)
4) Infant (40 weeks)

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23
Q

What develops first in an embryo?

A

Brain + nervous system first, then the heart

Essential organs are developed during the first 8 weeks

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24
Q

What does the critical period refer to?

A

If insult happens during the first 8 weeks, since critical organs are developing, the damages are potentially permanent

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25
Q

When does the neural tube develop?

A
  • 4 weeks: neural tube has yet to close

- 6 weeks: successfully closed

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26
Q

Name some factors placing pregnant women at nutritional risk.

A
  • Young women (adolescents)
  • Many previous pregnancies
  • Short intervals between pregnancies
  • Hx of poor pregnancy outomes
  • Have too little money to purchase adequate food
  • Little family support
  • Low level of education
  • Smokers/drug use
  • Pregnant with multiples
  • Too low or too great wt gain during pregnancy
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27
Q

How much weight should a normal pre-pregnant individual gain?

A

25-35 pounds

28
Q

What are the components of weight gain during pregnancy?

A
  • Placenta, uterus, blood, breasts, fluid volume, baby

- Maternal fat stores

29
Q

What component of weight gain doesn’t go away when the baby is born?

A

Mother’s necessary fat stores

30
Q

Should pregnant women exercise?

A

Yes, 3 times a week, nothing too discomforting or vigorous though

31
Q

Why are swimming and water aerobics good during pregnancy?

A
  • Cools & supports the body
  • Provides a natural resistance
  • Lessens the impact of the body’s movement
32
Q

How many more calories do you need during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester?

A

First: ZERO kcals
Second: 340 kcals
Third: 450 kcals

33
Q

What is the protein RDA for pregnant woman?

A

1.1 g/kg/day

34
Q

Why is CHO important for pregnancy?

A

To prevent ketosis

35
Q

Which micronutrients are increased in pregnancy?

A

Folate, iron, iodine, zinc

36
Q

Why is there an increase in iron?

A

Expanded red cell mass (infant)

37
Q

Name 4 nutrition issues in pregnancy.

A

1) Alcohol and FAS
2) Caffeine (low birth weight, less than 2 cups)
3) Smoking (slowed growth, oxidative stress)
4) Environmental contaminants (methyl-mercury in fish)

38
Q

Which fish should be avoided in pregnant women? Why?

A

Shark, swordfish, fresh/frozen tuna more than 1x/month

- Unacceptably high concentrations of methyl mercury

39
Q

Which fish should pregnant women eat? How much?

A

150 g
Salmon, herring, trout, sardines, anchovies
High in Omega-3 (DHA)

40
Q

Should you restrict milk during pregnancy?

A

No, compromised riboflavin, coenzyme FAD -> shorter femur length

41
Q

What do you monitor in the mother during pregnancy?

A
  • Diabetes (gestational is like type II)
  • Blood pressure (high BP - pre-eclampsia)
  • Hemoglobin
  • Weight gain
42
Q

What do you monitor in the fetus during pregnancy?

A
  • Growth
  • NTDs
  • Ultrasounds
  • Amniocentesis (alpha-fetal protein)
43
Q

What was the name of the dangerous morning sickness drug? What did it do?

A
  • Thalidomide
  • Interfered with the development of limbs -> short, flipper
  • Limbs (arms + legs) develop before 4 weeks
  • Actions in cellular differentiation
44
Q

What is lactation stimulated by?

A

Hormone prolactin

45
Q

What is lactation let-down stimulated by?

A

Oxytocin

46
Q

Define colostrum.

A
  • First milk
  • Antibodies, stimulate gut bacteria laxative for meconium excretion
  • Lasts 2-4 days
47
Q

What is best after preterm birth?

A

Milk, ++ protein, fortified with fat, Ca, protein, Fe

48
Q

Is more energy required during pregnancy or lactation?

A

Lactation

49
Q

How many calories should a lactating woman consume?

a) 0-6 months
b) 7-12 months

A

a) EER + 500 kcal/d - 170 kcal/d

b) EER + 400

50
Q

How do the nutrient consumption of lactating women compare to pregnant?

A

Nutrient requirements are higher in lactation except Fe and Folate

51
Q

What are some benefits of breastfeeding for infants?

A
  • Provides hormones that promote physiological development
  • Protects against infections and may protect against chronic diseases
  • Protects against food allergies
  • Provides appropriate composition and balance of nutrients + high bioavailability
52
Q

What are some benefits of breastfeeding for mothers?

A
  • Contracts the uterus
  • Delays the return of ovulation, lengthening birth intervals
  • Conserves iron stores (prolonging amenorrhea)
53
Q

What are some other benefits of breastfeeding?

A
  • Cost savings
  • Environmental savings
  • Convenience
54
Q

What do the Canadian Pediatric Society, Dietitians of Canada and WHO say about breastfeeding? What should be supplemented?

A

Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months with continued breastfeeding for up to 2 years WITH vitamin D supplement

55
Q

What nutrient is breast milk low in? What is advised?

A
  • Low in iron, but very well absorbed
  • Introduction of iron-containing foods is advised (ground meat or fortified cereals)
  • Also low in vitamin D
56
Q

Name the 3 supplements for full-term infants.

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Iron
  • Fluoride
57
Q

Which supplement do infants that are formula-fed can forgo?

A

Vitamin D, since it is fortified

58
Q

When does fluoride need to be supplemented?

A

Six months to a year

59
Q

What is an option for mothers who can’t breastfeed?

A

When not available or limited, pasteurized human donor breast milk = alternative
- Must be screened and tested for viruses

60
Q

What are donors testing for when they donate breast milk?

A

hepatitis B and C , HIV and T cell leukemia virus

61
Q

What percentage of infants are breastfed for some time?

A

Some time: 87%

6 months: 16.4% (objective = 50%)

62
Q

When should you introduce solid foods? Why?

A

6 months

Solid swallowing mechanism developed, kidneys are more mature and low iron stores

63
Q

How should you introduce fruits and veg to babies?

A

One by one, no sugar or salt added

64
Q

What should you avoid when it comes to infant feeding?

A

Sweets, bottle at bedtime, force feeding and choking hazards

65
Q

What are some food habits that should be reinforced with infant feeding?

A

Feed self, try new foods, stress-free meals and healthy eating habits

66
Q

How much weight should normal women gain in the first trimester? How much weight/week afterwards?

A
  • 3 and 1/2 pounds (1.6 kg)

- just under 1 pound (0.5 kg) per week (25-35 pounds total) (11-16 kg)

1) Nutrition & Health (21 decks)

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