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1) Nutrition & Health > Pregnancy and Lactation > Flashcards

Pregnancy and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

How can a father’s lifestyle affect his child?

A
  • Consuming too few fruits and vegetables can affect his AND child’s fertility
  • Also sedentary lifestyle
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2
Q

How can high intakes of alcohol in the father affect his child?

A

Can damage his sperms’ genetic material

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3
Q

What is the best predictor of a baby’s health?

A

Birth weight

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4
Q

How should parents prepare for pregnancy?

A
  • Achieve and maintain healthy body weight
  • Consume an adequate and balanced diet
  • Be physically active
  • Manage chronic conditions
  • Special attention to folate status
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5
Q

What is the ideal birth weight at term?

A

3.5 kg

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6
Q

How much qualifies the baby as large for their gestational age (LGA)? What is that an indicator for?

A

> 4.5 kg

Diabetic mother

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7
Q

How much qualifies the baby as small for their gestational age (SGA)? What is that an indicator for?

A

< 2.5 kg

Intrauterine growth retardation

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8
Q

What consequences affect PREMATURE infants that are appropriate weight for their gestational age?

A

Health consequences concerning the lungs, gut and kidneys

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9
Q

What does a small for their gestational age (SGA) premature baby indicate?

A

Malnourished AND premature

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10
Q

How long should pregnancy last? What is qualified as premature?

A
  • Should last 40 weeks

- < 36 weeks is premature

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11
Q

What percent of babies are LGA and SGA?

A

Both are 5%, the average weight is the ideal (3.5kg)

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12
Q

How much should babies weigh at 30 weeks? What are the problems they face?

A
  • 2kg

- Sucking reflex is not working well, must be fed

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13
Q

How much should babies weigh at 24 weeks? What are the problems they face?

A
  • 500 grams

- Lower body temp, lower fat -> kept in an incubator

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14
Q

How are babies nourished?

A

Through the placenta

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15
Q

What is exchanged through the placenta?

A

Nutrients, oxygen and waste

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16
Q

What is the baby floating in?

A

Amniotic fluid

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17
Q

What is the placenta?

A

Organ in which maternal and fetal blood circulate in close proximity

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18
Q

What does the baby use amniotic fluid for?

A
  • Drinks it, urinates in it = essential to grow properly

- Composition of amniotic fluid is important

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19
Q

What does the umbilical cord attach?

A

Attaches the placenta to the fetus

  • Two arteries carry blood to the placenta
  • Larger vein returns blood to the fetus
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20
Q

Where does the placenta originate from?

A

From fertalized egg

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21
Q

What is transported from the fetus to the mother by way of the placenta?

A

Waste to mom, nutrients to fetus

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22
Q

Name the 4 events of pregnancy.

A

1) Fertilization (zygote)
2) Embryo (8 weeks)
3) Fetus (11 weeks)
4) Infant (40 weeks)

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23
Q

What develops first in an embryo?

A

Brain + nervous system first, then the heart

Essential organs are developed during the first 8 weeks

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24
Q

What does the critical period refer to?

A

If insult happens during the first 8 weeks, since critical organs are developing, the damages are potentially permanent

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25
When does the neural tube develop?
- 4 weeks: neural tube has yet to close | - 6 weeks: successfully closed
26
Name some factors placing pregnant women at nutritional risk.
- Young women (adolescents) - Many previous pregnancies - Short intervals between pregnancies - Hx of poor pregnancy outomes - Have too little money to purchase adequate food - Little family support - Low level of education - Smokers/drug use - Pregnant with multiples - Too low or too great wt gain during pregnancy
27
How much weight should a normal pre-pregnant individual gain?
25-35 pounds
28
What are the components of weight gain during pregnancy?
- Placenta, uterus, blood, breasts, fluid volume, baby | - Maternal fat stores
29
What component of weight gain doesn't go away when the baby is born?
Mother's necessary fat stores
30
Should pregnant women exercise?
Yes, 3 times a week, nothing too discomforting or vigorous though
31
Why are swimming and water aerobics good during pregnancy?
- Cools & supports the body - Provides a natural resistance - Lessens the impact of the body’s movement
32
How many more calories do you need during the 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester?
First: ZERO kcals Second: 340 kcals Third: 450 kcals
33
What is the protein RDA for pregnant woman?
1.1 g/kg/day
34
Why is CHO important for pregnancy?
To prevent ketosis
35
Which micronutrients are increased in pregnancy?
Folate, iron, iodine, zinc
36
Why is there an increase in iron?
Expanded red cell mass (infant)
37
Name 4 nutrition issues in pregnancy.
1) Alcohol and FAS 2) Caffeine (low birth weight, less than 2 cups) 3) Smoking (slowed growth, oxidative stress) 4) Environmental contaminants (methyl-mercury in fish)
38
Which fish should be avoided in pregnant women? Why?
Shark, swordfish, fresh/frozen tuna more than 1x/month | - Unacceptably high concentrations of methyl mercury
39
Which fish should pregnant women eat? How much?
150 g Salmon, herring, trout, sardines, anchovies High in Omega-3 (DHA)
40
Should you restrict milk during pregnancy?
No, compromised riboflavin, coenzyme FAD -> shorter femur length
41
What do you monitor in the mother during pregnancy?
- Diabetes (gestational is like type II) - Blood pressure (high BP - pre-eclampsia) - Hemoglobin - Weight gain
42
What do you monitor in the fetus during pregnancy?
- Growth - NTDs - Ultrasounds - Amniocentesis (alpha-fetal protein)
43
What was the name of the dangerous morning sickness drug? What did it do?
- Thalidomide - Interfered with the development of limbs -> short, flipper - Limbs (arms + legs) develop before 4 weeks - Actions in cellular differentiation
44
What is lactation stimulated by?
Hormone prolactin
45
What is lactation let-down stimulated by?
Oxytocin
46
Define colostrum.
- First milk - Antibodies, stimulate gut bacteria laxative for meconium excretion - Lasts 2-4 days
47
What is best after preterm birth?
Milk, ++ protein, fortified with fat, Ca, protein, Fe
48
Is more energy required during pregnancy or lactation?
Lactation
49
How many calories should a lactating woman consume? a) 0-6 months b) 7-12 months
a) EER + 500 kcal/d - 170 kcal/d | b) EER + 400
50
How do the nutrient consumption of lactating women compare to pregnant?
Nutrient requirements are higher in lactation except Fe and Folate
51
What are some benefits of breastfeeding for infants?
- Provides hormones that promote physiological development - Protects against infections and may protect against chronic diseases - Protects against food allergies - Provides appropriate composition and balance of nutrients + high bioavailability
52
What are some benefits of breastfeeding for mothers?
- Contracts the uterus - Delays the return of ovulation, lengthening birth intervals - Conserves iron stores (prolonging amenorrhea)
53
What are some other benefits of breastfeeding?
- Cost savings - Environmental savings - Convenience
54
What do the Canadian Pediatric Society, Dietitians of Canada and WHO say about breastfeeding? What should be supplemented?
Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months with continued breastfeeding for up to 2 years WITH vitamin D supplement
55
What nutrient is breast milk low in? What is advised?
- Low in iron, but very well absorbed - Introduction of iron-containing foods is advised (ground meat or fortified cereals) - Also low in vitamin D
56
Name the 3 supplements for full-term infants.
- Vitamin D - Iron - Fluoride
57
Which supplement do infants that are formula-fed can forgo?
Vitamin D, since it is fortified
58
When does fluoride need to be supplemented?
Six months to a year
59
What is an option for mothers who can't breastfeed?
When not available or limited, pasteurized human donor breast milk = alternative - Must be screened and tested for viruses
60
What are donors testing for when they donate breast milk?
hepatitis B and C , HIV and T cell leukemia virus
61
What percentage of infants are breastfed for some time?
Some time: 87% | 6 months: 16.4% (objective = 50%)
62
When should you introduce solid foods? Why?
6 months | Solid swallowing mechanism developed, kidneys are more mature and low iron stores
63
How should you introduce fruits and veg to babies?
One by one, no sugar or salt added
64
What should you avoid when it comes to infant feeding?
Sweets, bottle at bedtime, force feeding and choking hazards
65
What are some food habits that should be reinforced with infant feeding?
Feed self, try new foods, stress-free meals and healthy eating habits
66
How much weight should normal women gain in the first trimester? How much weight/week afterwards?
- 3 and 1/2 pounds (1.6 kg) | - just under 1 pound (0.5 kg) per week (25-35 pounds total) (11-16 kg)

1) Nutrition & Health (21 decks)

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