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1) Nutrition & Health > Nutritional Status Assessment > Flashcards

Nutritional Status Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 types of nutritional statuses.

A
  • Undernutrition
  • Well nourished
  • Overnutrition
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2
Q

Define malnutrition

A

undernutrition + overnutrition

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3
Q

Describe the deficiency chain.

A

Deficiency -> declining nutrient stores -> abnormal functions in body -> physical signs and symptoms

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4
Q

Define primary deficiency.

A

Inadequate diet

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5
Q

Define secondary deficiency.

A

Problem inside body that causes deficiency

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6
Q

How can health providers examine the deficiency chain?

A

Primary: diet history
Secondary: health history
Declining nutrients + abnormal functions: lab tests
Physical S & S: physical examinations/anthropometric measures

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7
Q

What is the ABCDFG of Nutritional Status Assessment?

A
  • Anthropometry
  • Biochemical Lab tests
  • Clinical Assessment
  • Diet History
  • Functional Assessment
  • Genomics
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8
Q

What does anthropometry measure?

A

Height and weight

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9
Q

What does biochemical lab tests measure?

A

Nutrient and metabolite concentrations in blood, breath and urine

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10
Q

What does clinical assessment measure?

A

appearance and signs and symptoms

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11
Q

What does diet history measure?

A
  • 3 or 7 day diet record

- 24 h food recall

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12
Q

What does functional assessment measure?

A
  • muscle function

- lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

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13
Q

What does genomics measure?

A

diseases related to gene background

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14
Q

Define lean tissues and its components.

A

Fat-free mass (water, muscle, bone)

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15
Q

Define adipose tissue.

A

Fatty mass

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16
Q

What is body composition for males?

A
  • 15% fat
  • 20% protein
  • 60% h2o
  • 5% minerals
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17
Q

What is body composition for females?

A
  • 25% fat
  • 15% protein
  • 55% h2o
  • 5% minerals
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18
Q

How do you convert feet to meters?

A

1) Divide inches / 12 = feet

2) Add to feet and divide by 3.28

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19
Q

How do you convert pounds to kg?

A

Pounds x 0.454 = kg

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20
Q

How do you convert kg to pounds?

A

kg x 2.2 = pounds

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21
Q

Where are minerals located in the body?

A

bones

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22
Q

Why do women have more fat?

A

to prepare for pregnancy

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23
Q

Name the 6 techniques for determining the amount of fat.

A
  • Skinfold thickness
  • BMI
  • Underwater weighing
  • Plethysmography
  • Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
  • Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry
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24
Q

What is the BMI formula?

A

BMI = weight (in kg)/height (in m^2)

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25
Q

What does the BMI normagram explain?

A

lower bmis = bottom right

highest bmis = top left

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26
Q

What are the limitations of BMIs?

A

not a direct measure of fat, does not take into account muscle

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27
Q

Name the 5 classifications by BMI.

A
  • Underweight
  • Normal
  • Overweight
  • Obese
  • Extremely Obese
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28
Q

What is the BMI of someone underweight?

A

< 18.5

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29
Q

What is the BMI of someone normal?

A

18-5-24.9

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30
Q

What is the BMI of someone overweight?

A

25-29.9

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31
Q

What is the BMI of someone obese class I?

A

30.0-34.9

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32
Q

What is the BMI of someone obese class II?

A

35.0-39.9

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33
Q

What is the BMI of someone obese class III? (extremely overweight)

34
Q

Is muscle or fat denser?

A

muscle is denser

35
Q

Does muscle or fat weigh more?

A

they weigh the same

36
Q

What can BMI cutoffs depend on?

37
Q

What do kids use instead of BMIs?

A

percentiles

38
Q

How does skinfold thickness work?

A

Caliber pinches skin to estimate how much fat

39
Q

Where is skinfold thickness measured?

A

bicep, tricep

40
Q

How does underwater weighing work?

A

displacement of H2O, measures density

41
Q

Why is plethysmography better than underwater weighing?

A

Less mobile patients can use

42
Q

How does plethysmography work?

A

Displacement of air

43
Q

How does bioelectrical impedance analysis work?

A

Measures the amount of impedance of the low dose of current

44
Q

What does Dual X-Ray measure?

A

lean mass, fat mass, bones

45
Q

Why is Dual X-Ray the best?

A

Fast, common, safe, can measure osteoporosis

46
Q

How does Dual X-Ray work?

A

Two low dose X-Rays

47
Q

What are fat cells composed of?

A

Very little water, mostly membrane and fat, also nucleus and cytoplasm

48
Q

What is the apple vs pear shape?

A

Apple has more visceral fat

49
Q

Why don’t we use the waist to hip ratio anymore?

A

since you can have a perfect ratio and still be overweight

50
Q

What is the screening test to measure fat location?

A

waist circumference

51
Q

What’s the problem with tests measuring the amount of fat?

A

they don’t determine location

52
Q

For weight circumference: how many inches is a red sign for men? Women?

A

Men: 40 inches
Women: 35 inches

53
Q

Name the 2 fat location diagnostic tests.

A
  • MRI Scan

- CT Scan

54
Q

Compare visceral and subcutaneous fat.

A

Visceral: fat inside abdominal wall (in between organs and torso)
Subcutaneous: underneath skin, with skeletal muscle

55
Q

Name some risk factors for visceral obesity.

A

Stress, smoking, alcohol, sat fat, gender, genetics, age/menopause

56
Q

Name the 2 principles of why we eat.

A

Hunger and appetite

57
Q

Name the 2 principles of why we stop eating.

A

Satiation and satiety

58
Q

Compare hunger and appetite.

A

Hunger: physiological response (confused with thirst)
Appetite: learned behaviour

59
Q

Compare satiation and satiety.

A

Perceptions of fullness
Satiation: during a meal
Satiety: after a meal

60
Q

What determines length of time between meals?

61
Q

Name 6 ways to regulate energy intake.

A

Nutrients, serving size, hypothalamus, volume, neurochemicals, balance

62
Q

What are the 4 components of TEE?

A

BMR, Diet-Induced Thermogenesis, Activity, Adaptive Thermogenesis.

63
Q

Place the 4 components of TEE in order of percentage.

A

BMR (67%)
Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (10%)
Activity (23%)
Adaptive Thermogenesis (negligeable %)

64
Q

Define basal metabolic rate.

A

Rate of expenditure in post-absorptive state after a 12h overnight fast

65
Q

How can BMR be measured?

A

Indirect calorimetry - respiratory gas exchange

66
Q

What is RQ?

A

Respiratory Quotient

67
Q

What is RQ when burning CHO? Fat?

A

CHO: 1.0
Fat: 0.7

68
Q

How does BMR vary?

A

gender, age, height, body composition, nutritional status, growth, hormones, stress, injury, caffeine

69
Q

How can we estimate BMR by equation?

A

males: 1.0 kcal/kg/h - 1700kcals
females: 0.8 kcal/kg/h - 1200kcals

70
Q

What is NEAT?

A

Non exercise activity thermogenesis

fidgeting, random movements

71
Q

What is adaptive thermogenesis?

A

E to adapt to changes in environment

72
Q

What isn’t included in EER for energy?

A

adaptive thermogenesis

73
Q

How do you determine energy intake?

A

Determine food intakes

Compare to databases and tables

74
Q

What does TEE stand for?

A

Total Energy Expenditure

75
Q

Name 2 ways TEE can be measured.

A
  • Metabolically (research)

- BMR + activity factor

76
Q

Name one way TEE can be estimated.

A

BMR + activity/stress factor

77
Q

Why is the DRI for energy expenditure a mean and not an RDA?

A

any excess energy will be weight gain

78
Q

What is the DRI Energy equation based on?

A

Weight, height, age, gender, activity level

79
Q

How does BMR change as we age?

80
Q

What percentages of Canadiens are healthy, overweight, and obese?

A

Healthy: 40%
Overweight: 35%
Obese: 25%

1) Nutrition & Health (21 decks)

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