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1) Nutrition & Health > Nutritional Status Assessment > Flashcards

Nutritional Status Assessment Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 types of nutritional statuses.

A
  • Undernutrition
  • Well nourished
  • Overnutrition
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2
Q

Define malnutrition

A

undernutrition + overnutrition

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3
Q

Describe the deficiency chain.

A

Deficiency -> declining nutrient stores -> abnormal functions in body -> physical signs and symptoms

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4
Q

Define primary deficiency.

A

Inadequate diet

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5
Q

Define secondary deficiency.

A

Problem inside body that causes deficiency

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6
Q

How can health providers examine the deficiency chain?

A

Primary: diet history
Secondary: health history
Declining nutrients + abnormal functions: lab tests
Physical S & S: physical examinations/anthropometric measures

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7
Q

What is the ABCDFG of Nutritional Status Assessment?

A
  • Anthropometry
  • Biochemical Lab tests
  • Clinical Assessment
  • Diet History
  • Functional Assessment
  • Genomics
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8
Q

What does anthropometry measure?

A

Height and weight

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9
Q

What does biochemical lab tests measure?

A

Nutrient and metabolite concentrations in blood, breath and urine

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10
Q

What does clinical assessment measure?

A

appearance and signs and symptoms

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11
Q

What does diet history measure?

A
  • 3 or 7 day diet record

- 24 h food recall

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12
Q

What does functional assessment measure?

A
  • muscle function

- lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

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13
Q

What does genomics measure?

A

diseases related to gene background

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14
Q

Define lean tissues and its components.

A

Fat-free mass (water, muscle, bone)

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15
Q

Define adipose tissue.

A

Fatty mass

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16
Q

What is body composition for males?

A
  • 15% fat
  • 20% protein
  • 60% h2o
  • 5% minerals
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17
Q

What is body composition for females?

A
  • 25% fat
  • 15% protein
  • 55% h2o
  • 5% minerals
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18
Q

How do you convert feet to meters?

A

1) Divide inches / 12 = feet

2) Add to feet and divide by 3.28

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19
Q

How do you convert pounds to kg?

A

Pounds x 0.454 = kg

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20
Q

How do you convert kg to pounds?

A

kg x 2.2 = pounds

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21
Q

Where are minerals located in the body?

A

bones

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22
Q

Why do women have more fat?

A

to prepare for pregnancy

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23
Q

Name the 6 techniques for determining the amount of fat.

A
  • Skinfold thickness
  • BMI
  • Underwater weighing
  • Plethysmography
  • Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
  • Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry
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24
Q

What is the BMI formula?

A

BMI = weight (in kg)/height (in m^2)

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25
What does the BMI normagram explain?
lower bmis = bottom right | highest bmis = top left
26
What are the limitations of BMIs?
not a direct measure of fat, does not take into account muscle
27
Name the 5 classifications by BMI.
- Underweight - Normal - Overweight - Obese - Extremely Obese
28
What is the BMI of someone underweight?
< 18.5
29
What is the BMI of someone normal?
18-5-24.9
30
What is the BMI of someone overweight?
25-29.9
31
What is the BMI of someone obese class I?
30.0-34.9
32
What is the BMI of someone obese class II?
35.0-39.9
33
What is the BMI of someone obese class III? (extremely overweight)
> 40
34
Is muscle or fat denser?
muscle is denser
35
Does muscle or fat weigh more?
they weigh the same
36
What can BMI cutoffs depend on?
race
37
What do kids use instead of BMIs?
percentiles
38
How does skinfold thickness work?
Caliber pinches skin to estimate how much fat
39
Where is skinfold thickness measured?
bicep, tricep
40
How does underwater weighing work?
displacement of H2O, measures density
41
Why is plethysmography better than underwater weighing?
Less mobile patients can use
42
How does plethysmography work?
Displacement of air
43
How does bioelectrical impedance analysis work?
Measures the amount of impedance of the low dose of current
44
What does Dual X-Ray measure?
lean mass, fat mass, bones
45
Why is Dual X-Ray the best?
Fast, common, safe, can measure osteoporosis
46
How does Dual X-Ray work?
Two low dose X-Rays
47
What are fat cells composed of?
Very little water, mostly membrane and fat, also nucleus and cytoplasm
48
What is the apple vs pear shape?
Apple has more visceral fat
49
Why don't we use the waist to hip ratio anymore?
since you can have a perfect ratio and still be overweight
50
What is the screening test to measure fat location?
waist circumference
51
What's the problem with tests measuring the amount of fat?
they don't determine location
52
For weight circumference: how many inches is a red sign for men? Women?
Men: 40 inches Women: 35 inches
53
Name the 2 fat location diagnostic tests.
- MRI Scan | - CT Scan
54
Compare visceral and subcutaneous fat.
Visceral: fat inside abdominal wall (in between organs and torso) Subcutaneous: underneath skin, with skeletal muscle
55
Name some risk factors for visceral obesity.
Stress, smoking, alcohol, sat fat, gender, genetics, age/menopause
56
Name the 2 principles of why we eat.
Hunger and appetite
57
Name the 2 principles of why we stop eating.
Satiation and satiety
58
Compare hunger and appetite.
Hunger: physiological response (confused with thirst) Appetite: learned behaviour
59
Compare satiation and satiety.
Perceptions of fullness Satiation: during a meal Satiety: after a meal
60
What determines length of time between meals?
satiety
61
Name 6 ways to regulate energy intake.
Nutrients, serving size, hypothalamus, volume, neurochemicals, balance
62
What are the 4 components of TEE?
BMR, Diet-Induced Thermogenesis, Activity, Adaptive Thermogenesis.
63
Place the 4 components of TEE in order of percentage.
BMR (67%) Diet-Induced Thermogenesis (10%) Activity (23%) Adaptive Thermogenesis (negligeable %)
64
Define basal metabolic rate.
Rate of expenditure in post-absorptive state after a 12h overnight fast
65
How can BMR be measured?
Indirect calorimetry - respiratory gas exchange
66
What is RQ?
Respiratory Quotient
67
What is RQ when burning CHO? Fat?
CHO: 1.0 Fat: 0.7
68
How does BMR vary?
gender, age, height, body composition, nutritional status, growth, hormones, stress, injury, caffeine
69
How can we estimate BMR by equation?
males: 1.0 kcal/kg/h - 1700kcals females: 0.8 kcal/kg/h - 1200kcals
70
What is NEAT?
Non exercise activity thermogenesis | fidgeting, random movements
71
What is adaptive thermogenesis?
E to adapt to changes in environment
72
What isn't included in EER for energy?
adaptive thermogenesis
73
How do you determine energy intake?
Determine food intakes | Compare to databases and tables
74
What does TEE stand for?
Total Energy Expenditure
75
Name 2 ways TEE can be measured.
- Metabolically (research) | - BMR + activity factor
76
Name one way TEE can be estimated.
BMR + activity/stress factor
77
Why is the DRI for energy expenditure a mean and not an RDA?
any excess energy will be weight gain
78
What is the DRI Energy equation based on?
Weight, height, age, gender, activity level
79
How does BMR change as we age?
Decreases
80
What percentages of Canadiens are healthy, overweight, and obese?
Healthy: 40% Overweight: 35% Obese: 25%

1) Nutrition & Health (21 decks)

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