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1) Nutrition & Health > An Overview of Nutrition > Flashcards

An Overview of Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

How do the causes of death in Canada differ from poor areas?

A

Canada: Lifestyle diseases (cancer, heart disease, stroke)

Poor Areas: infectious diseases

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2
Q

Nowadays, what do nutrition experts want us to focus on?

A

Nutrition to prevent chronic diseases

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3
Q

Define a risk factor.

A

Condition or characteristic associated with an outcome (NOT necessarily causal)

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4
Q

Give examples of risk factors.

A
  • Diet/Obesity
  • Tobacco + smoking
  • Lifestyle
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5
Q

What is the #1 preventable cause of death?

A

Obesity

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6
Q

Give some examples of reasons that influence our food choices.

A
  • Habit
  • Heritage/Tradition
  • Availability/Economy
  • Emotional comfort
  • Values
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7
Q

What is the health cascade?

A

Regular exercise -> better stress management -> better sleep -> better food decisions -> more energy -> less chronic disease

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8
Q

Define energy balance.

A

The relation between intake of food and output of work (as in muscular or secretory activity).

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9
Q

What are some arguments for a meatless diet?

A
  • Physical health
  • Ecological responsibility
  • Philosophical concerns
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10
Q

What is a nutrient?

A

Chemical substances obtained from food and used in the body to provide energy, structural materials, and regulating agents to support growth, maintenance, and repair of the body’s tissues.

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11
Q

What is an essential nutrient?

A

Must be obtained from food since the body cannot make them for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological needs.

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12
Q

What are the three rules that make up an essential nutrient.

A

1) Accomplish a biological function
2) Cannot be taken out of the body
3) Either not produced, or not produced in sufficient quantities by the human body

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13
Q

Name the six classes of nutrients found in food.

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, minerals, water, vitamins

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14
Q

Describe how alcohol resembles nutrients. Explain why alcohol is not a nutrient.

A

Though alcohol provides energy to the body (7kcal/g), it does not sustain life. In fact, it interferes with the growth, maintenance, and repair of the body.

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15
Q

Which nutrients are inorganic?

A

Minerals and water

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16
Q

Discuss the distinction between organic and inorganic nutrients.

A
  • Inorganic: no carbon

- Organic: carbon, element found in living things

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17
Q

Which nutrients yield energy?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, and protein (alcohol –> not a nutrient)

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18
Q

How is energy measured?

A

Energy is measured in calories. To ease calculations, energy is expressed in 1000-calorie metric units known as kcals.

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19
Q

How much energy, per gram, does each nutrient yield?

A

Carbs: 4kcal/g
Protein: 4kcal/g
Fat: 9kcal/g
(Alcohol): 7kcal/g

20
Q

What is the science of nutrition?

A

The study of nutrients and other substances in foods and the body’s handling of them.

21
Q

Apart from diet, what other subjects does nutrition touch upon?

A
  • How foods act, are processed, affect our health
  • Epigenetic
  • Environmental issues
  • Behavioural issues
22
Q

What are the uses of nutrients?

A
  • Raw materials (grow, maintain tissue, regulate body processes)
  • Source of energy
23
Q

Name the 4 main deficiency issues today.

A
  • Protein & energy
  • Iron (anemia)
  • Vitamin A (xerophthalmia) –> blindness
  • Iodine (goiter)
24
Q

What do deficiency diseases cause?

A

Immune problems, which lead to infections and parasites

25
Q

What is the link between nutrition and immunity?

A

Malnutrition & infection worsen each other

26
Q

Apart from preventing chronic diseases, what else does nutrition focus on nowadays?

A

Eating disorders, GMOs, eating local

27
Q

What is the centrepiece of medicine?

A

Nutrition, Hyppocrates

28
Q

Name some types of company claims.

A

“Natural”, quick fixes, meaningless medical jargon

29
Q

What are the three types of epidemiological studies?

A
  • Cross-Sectional
  • Case-Control
  • Cohort
30
Q

What is an epidemiological study?

A

Research the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in a population.

31
Q

What are the three types of experimental studies?

A
  • Laboratory-based animal
  • Lab-based in vitro
  • Human Intervention (clinical) trial
32
Q

What is an experimental study?

A

Test cause-and-effect relationships between variables.

33
Q

How does research reach the population?

A

Nutrition research -> expert review -> public health message (Health Canada) -> change in behaviour?

34
Q

Explain how variables might be correlational but not causal.

A

Correlational evidence proves only that variables are associated, not that one is the cause of the other.

35
Q

Which term refers to an experiment in which neither the researchers nor the subjects know who is receiving the treatment?

A

Double blind

36
Q

Define DRI.

A

Dietary Reference Intakes are a set of nutrient intake values used to plan and evaluate diets for healthy people.

37
Q

Define the EAR.

A

Estimated Average Requirements define the amount of a nutrient that supports a specific function in the body for HALF of the population.

38
Q

Define the RDA.

A

Recommended Dietary Allowances are based on the EAR + 2 standard deviations, meets 97.5% of population needs.

39
Q

Define AI.

A

Adequate Intake serves a similar purpose when there is not enough scientific evidence to determine an RDA.

40
Q

Define UL.

A

Tolerable Upper Intake Level establishes the highest amount that appears safe for regular consumption.

41
Q

What is the purpose of DRIs.

A

Meet requirements for most, not setting a recommendation too high (toxicity), based on evidence

42
Q

Which DRI is better for groups? Which is better for individuals?

A

Groups: EAR
Individuals: RDA

43
Q

Why is there no DRI for energy?

A

Because ANY excess will result in weight gain (toxicity). Instead, we prescribe a number for a population group.

44
Q

Define AMDR.

A

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges.

45
Q

What are the AMDRs?

A

Carbs: 40-65%
Protein: 10-35%
Fat: 20-35%

46
Q

What happens when people get either too little or too much energy or nutrients?

A

Malnutrition develops when people get too little, too much, or an imbalance of energy or nutrients.

1) Nutrition & Health (21 decks)

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