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1) Nutrition & Health > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 functions of the GI tract.

A

Ingestion, mechanical procession, digestion, secretion, absorption, excretion

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2
Q

What is the mouth made up of?

A

Tongue, three pairs of salivary glands

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3
Q

Name the 4 functions of chewing in the mouth

A
  • Mechanical chewing
  • Saliva lubricates the mouth
  • Saliva moistens the food (helps us taste)
  • Enzymes begin breaking down the starch in our food
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4
Q

What is the name of the enzyme in our mouth?

A

Salivary amylase

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5
Q

Where do you want the food to pass when you swallow?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach

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6
Q

Where don’t you want the food to pass?

A

Trachea, airway

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7
Q

What closes the airway during swallowing?

A

Epiglottis

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8
Q

After chewing, what do we call the food now?

A

Bolus

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9
Q

What is the small intestine composed of?

A

1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Illeum

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the walls of the stomach

A

Muscular, thick walls

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11
Q

What kind of gland is the pancreas?

A

Exocrine, secretes something through a tube

It is an endocrine gland as well (directly into the bloodstream)

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12
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Pancreatic juice and sodium bicarbonate

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13
Q

Where does pancreatic juice go? What does it do?

A

Goes to the small intestine, their enzymes will break down the macronutrients

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14
Q

Where does bicarbonate go? What does it do?

A

Neutralizes acidic pH from the stomach

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15
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Produces bile

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16
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

Stores bile

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17
Q

Where does bile go? What does it do?

A

Small intestine, emulsify fatty foods from stomach

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18
Q

Define peristalsis.

A

Coordination of movements by the smooth muscles of the GI track to push food down

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19
Q

Is the esophagus closed?

A

normally closed, will open to let and KEEP the food + acid in the stomac

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20
Q

What is the food called after it has passed through the stomach?

A

chyme

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21
Q

What does the pyloric valve do?

A

Keeps the food in the stomach and GRADUALLY into the duodenum

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22
Q

Where is gastrin produced?

A

Stomach

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23
Q

What does gastrin signal the stomach cells to do?

A

increase peristalsis and secrete HCL

24
Q

What stimulates gastrin?

A

Food in the stomach

25
Q

What is the role of HCl in the stomach?

A

Breaks pepsnogen to pepsin (active)

26
Q

Name the 3 roles of gastrin.

A

1) Signals cells to increase peristalsis
2) Tells cells to secrete HCl
3) Tells other cells to secrete mucus (protect)

27
Q

Why is it so important to have mucus in the stomach?

A

Protective layer between HCl and cells

28
Q

Why is the production of intrinsic factor so necessary? Who stimulates it?

A

Gastrin stimulates, it binds to vitamin B12 and helps absorb

29
Q

Describe gastrin’s negative feedback loop

A

Food stimulates gastrin -> gastrin stimulates release of HCl -> pH=1.5 -> negative feedback -> gastrin will STOP stimulation of HCl

30
Q

Where is the pyloric sphincter? What is its function?

A

One way valve from the stomach to the small intestine

When vomiting, nothing comes back up from past the stomach due to the sphincter

31
Q

How does the small intestine hold? Stomach? What are these tissues made of?

A

Full of fat
Small intestine: ligaments and mesentary
Stomach: lesser omentum and greater omentum

32
Q

Each fold has a ____ projection

A

fingerlike

33
Q

What is another word for fold?

A

plica circulares

34
Q

What is a crypt?

A

Hole in between the villi

35
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

Mucus

36
Q

What do arteries/veins do in the villus?

A

Artery absorbs nutrients, veins give away

37
Q

How long do intestinal epithelial cells live?

A

3 days (short but active lives)

38
Q

What does the lymphatic vessel in the villus do?

A

high fats, non soluble in H2O, are transported back to the heart via the thoracic duct

39
Q

Where do the last steps of digestion occur?

A

Microvilli (brush border)

40
Q

Why are microvilli useful for absorption?

A

+ surface area, + absorption

41
Q

What stimulates secretin?

A

The chyme hitting the walls of the duodenum

42
Q

What is the role of secretin?

A

Signals the pancreas to release pancreatic juice

43
Q

Where is secretin released from?

A

Duodenum

44
Q

Describe lipases, amylases, and proteases.

A

Lipases: digests lipids
Amylases: digests starch + carbs
Proteases: proteins -> peptides

45
Q

What does CCK stand for?

A

Cholecystokinin

46
Q

What stimulates CCK?

A

Fatty chyme

47
Q

What is the role of CCK?

A

Signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile

48
Q

Name the 3 ways nutrients can be absorbed across a cell membrane.

A

1) Cell diffusion (simple diffusion)
2) Facilitated diffusion
3) Active Transport

49
Q

Which ways to absorb nutrients don’t require energy? Which do?

A

Energy: Active transport

No energy: cell diffusion, facilitated diffusion

50
Q

Which sphincter can we control?

A

Rectum/anus

51
Q

Name the 4 functions of the colon.

A

Reabsorption
Transforms intestinal content -> feces
Absorption of important vitamins
Storage of fecal matter

52
Q

What are the roles of microbiota?

A

Autoimmune diseases, obesity

53
Q

What does the colon “lack” compared to the GI tract?

A

No villi

54
Q

Define probiotics.

A

microorganisms in foods and supplements that in sufficient quantities are beneficial to health

55
Q

Define prebiotics.

A

Foods that are undigested in the small intestine, but used as food for bacteria in the colon, stimulating their growth and activity

56
Q

What is the pH of blood, gastric juice, bile and saliva?

A

Blood: 7.4
Gastric Juice: 1.5
Bile: 8.5
Saliva: 6.5

57
Q

What happens during the stage of development of a nutrient deficiency resulting from inadequate intake?

A

Declining nutrient stores
Abnormal functions within the body
Overt signs

1) Nutrition & Health (21 decks)

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