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1) Nutrition & Health > Protein Metabolism > Flashcards

Protein Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the recommendations for protein?

A

increase variety, lower fat animal sources, legumes

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2
Q

Name the 3 functions of proteins.

A
  • Maintenance and regulation of body functions
  • Growth
  • Energy
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3
Q

How can protein be used as energy?

A
  • Converted to glucose
  • Converted to fat and stored (as fat)
  • Burned as fuel
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4
Q

Can protein be fattening?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Which macromolecule is not stored?

A

Protein

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6
Q

What are the functions of amino acids?

A
  • Precursors of neurotransmitters, nucleotides, melanin, thyroid hormone, histamine
  • Peptides
  • Proteins
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7
Q

How much protein do we make in a day?

A

300 g of protein/day

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8
Q

What % of proteins circulate in blood?

A

25%

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9
Q

Name the 3 types of proteins in blood.

A
  • Plasma proteins
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
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10
Q

Name the 4 roles of plasma proteins.

A
  • Nutrient transport
  • Acutephase proteins (protection, blood clotting)
  • pH buffering
  • Regulation of fluid balance
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11
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Transport oxygen, packed with hemoglobin

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12
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Antibodies and immune effectors

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13
Q

Which cells in blood have DNA?

A

White blood cells

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14
Q

Name the 2 types of proteins.

A

Tissue Proteins

Secretory Proteins

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15
Q

Give examples of tissue proteins.

A

enzymes, structural proteins, membrane receptors, carriers

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16
Q

Give examples of secretory proteins.

A

digestive enzymes, human milk proteins, hormones and grow factors

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17
Q

How many amino acids have a tRNA?

A

20

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18
Q

How many amino acids are essential?

A

9

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19
Q

Name the essential amino acids.

A

Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine

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20
Q

Which amino acids is conditionally indispensable?

A

Arginine

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21
Q

Which protein has disulfide bonds?

A

Insulin

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22
Q

What are the methods to denature proteins?

A

Heating, pH, organic solvents, detergents

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23
Q

Which enzyme cleaves proteins in the stomach?

A

Pepsin (pepsinogen)

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24
Q

Which enzyme cleaves proteins in the small intestine?

A

Trypsin

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25
Where are the enzymes from the small intestine from?
Pancreas
26
Where are amino acids absorbed?
Intestinal cells absorb and transfer amino acids to the bloodstream
27
How do amino acids get to the bloodstream?
AA go to portal vein, then bloodstream transports AA to the body
28
Differentiate allergies and intolerances.
Allergies: immune response to a specific protein Intolerances: not immune, could be a digestion problem for example
29
Define transcription.
1st step: segment of DNA copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase
30
Define translation.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) produced by transcription is decoded by a ribosome to produce amino acid chain or polypeptide.
31
How does sickle cell anemia occur?
change in DNA : glutamate -> valine
32
What happens if you're missing an amino acid?
translation stopped -> no protein
33
Name 3 single gene disorders.
cystic fibrosis, pku, single cell anemia
34
How does biotechnology help food industry and medicine?
production of proteins | ex: cheese (rennet) insulin (humulin)
35
Define nutritional genomics.
Interaction between genes, diet, and nutrients
36
Define nutrigenetics.
genes affecting nutrient metabolism (ex: lactose intolerance)
37
Define nutrigenomics.
Compounds in food affect genome (ex: dietary cholesterol, sat fat on cholesterol synthesis)
38
What % is absorbed during protein turnover?
95
39
What % is excreted during protein turnover?
5
40
Which intermediate will produce glucose during protein turnover?
Pyruvate (3C)
41
Which intermediate will produce fat during protein turnover?
AcetylCoA (2C)
42
Which product is ketogenic (protein turnover)?
Fat
43
Which product is glucogenic (protein turnover)?
Glucose
44
What kind of individual would maintain protein turnover?
Healthy individuals
45
Does consuming more protein increase protein synthesis? What does?
No | Weight training
46
What % of N is in protein?
16%
47
What is the nitrogen balance equation? What should the result be?
Balance = N intake - Fecal N - Urinary N 16% prot. 5% of 16% 95% of 16% should be equal to 0 in healthy individuals
48
What does positive nitrogen balance mean?
Intake > output | growing kids, pregnancy, training phase
49
What does negative nitrogen balance mean?
Intake < output | low protein diet, injury
50
Can we measure nitrogen balance in real life
Very hard to accurately measure intake and output
51
What is trans amination?
Escort amino groups from one AA to another and eventually to liver (urea cycle) (kidney important too)
52
Name the 3 components of protein adequacy.
- Energy intake - Protein Quantity - Protein Quality
53
What happens if energy isn't met?
AA catabolized to provide E
54
What is the current RDA for protein?
0.8 g/kg/d
55
What is the AI for protein for infants? What is is based on?
1.5 g/kg/d | based on breastfeeding
56
What SHOULD the RDA be?
1.2 g/kg/d
57
What should the requirement be for critical illness?
2.5 g/kg/d
58
How much protein should power athletes have? Endurance athletes?
Power: 1.6g/kg/d Endurance: 1.2g-1.6g/kg/d
59
Should athletes have more protein than RDA? Normal diet?
RDA: yes | Normal diet: no
60
What is the average intake of proteins for males? Females?
Males: 96g Females: 65g
61
Is excess protein a huge issue?
No, since it'll just be catabolized
62
What must we be able to do if there's excess protein?
Able to catabolize AA and excrete urea
63
What N excreted as urea is a problem for who?
Infants, especially premature, elderly
64
What do we need for protein synthesis?
ALL amino acids
65
Define limiting amino acid.
The AA present in the lowest amount relative to the body's need for it.
66
What happens if an amino acid is limiting to other amino acids?
All other AA are present in excess and must be degraded
67
What happens if an amino acid is limiting to protein synthesis?
Severely limit protein synthesis
68
What happens if an amino acid is limiting to urea production and N balance?
High urea production and negative N balance
69
What can we do to improve limiting proteins?
Improve protein quantity or quality
70
What is the standard protein AA content?
``` Egg white (adult) Breast milk (babies) ```
71
What is the equation to determine amino acid score?
(Test protein AA / Standard protein AA) x 100%
72
What is the protein score?
AA with the lowest score
73
How do we assess protein quality?
- Amino acid score | - correct for digestibility
74
How do we correct for digestibility?
Multiply | Corn (87%), Milk (95%)
75
What are complementary proteins?
combining sources (beans and rice)
76
What are legumes low in?
methionine, tryptophan
77
What are grains low in?
Isoleucine, Lysine

1) Nutrition & Health (21 decks)

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