substance use disorder Flashcards
criteria for substance use disorder
- taking more of substance than intended
- desire to cut down use but unable to
- excessive time spent using/acquiring/recovering
- craving
- role disruption
- interpersonal problems
- reduction of important activities
- use in physically hazardous situations
- keep using depsite problems/consequences
- tolerance
- withdrawal
hwo many criteria does one need in timeframe to get diagnosis
2 or more in last year
what is withdrawal
negative psychological and physical symptoms when reducing/stopping use
what is tolerance
effects of drugs are less when usual amount is taken
larger doses needed to produce desired effect
examples of withdrawal symptoms
pain sensitivity
low mood
anxiety
vomiting
sweating
insomnia
flu like symptoms
lack of appetite
what do depressants do
sedate behaviour
examples of depressants
alcohol
sedatives
anxiolytic drugs
what do stimulants do
increase alertness and elevate mood
examples of stimulants
cocaine
nicotine
ecstasy
meth
coffee - not disorder
what do opiates do
produce analgesia and euphoria
examples of opiates
heroin
morphine
codeine
what do hallucinogens do
alter sensory perception
examples of hallucinogens
marijuana
lsd
drugs of abuse
inhalants
anabolic steroid
club/designer drugs
what does alcohol do to the brain
slows down CNS functioning
stimulates GABA receptors
increases levels of serotonin and dopamine
decrease glutamate
what happens when GABA receptors are stimulated
slows down neural firing
relaxation, reduced tensions
motor impairment
what happens when levels of serotonin and dopamine are increased
initially feel good feeling
dopamine breaks down
what happens when glutamate is decreased
impairs memory, judgement, thinking
more alcohol consumed, more effects on which system / brain area
limbic system
hippocampus is compromised
what happens when hippocampus is compromised
interferes with ability to form new memories (black outs)
what factors are related to BAC
amount ingested in period of time
empty vs full stomach
size of body
live efficiency
gender
acute withdrawal symptoms
physical - headache, nausea, tremors
psych - anxiety/depression symptoms
hard core withdrawal symptoms
organ failure
malnutrition
foetal alcohol syndrome
delirium tremens
- full body shakes and tremors
- hallucinations, can last up to 3 days
nature of sedative drugs
calming
nature of hypnotic drugs
sleep inducing
nature of anxiolytic drugs
anxiety reducing
rohypnol
date rape drug
what receptors do depressants work on
GABA
what does amphetamine use disorder produce and reudce
produces elation, confidence, vigour, increase heart rate
reduces fatigue, intestinal function, appetite
what effects occur with larger doses of amphetamines
cross line into anxiety, agitation, nervousness
what system to amphetamines stimulate and how
CNS
- increase dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin
what happens with too much dopamine released
results in tics
what disorders occur with too little dopamine
parkinsons
what does noradrenaline do
prepares body for fight or flight
increases heart rate
release glucose
moves blood away from digestive system to skeletal muscles
effects of cocaine use
elation
vigour
reduced fatigue
dopaminergic
what is vasoconstriction and what drug is it associated with
narrowing of blood vessels
cocaine
effects of cannabis
euphoria
laughter
relaxation
happiness
appetite stimulation
paranoia
anxiety
delusions
hallucinations
STM impairment
pain relief
antiemetic (prevents vomiting)
how does cannabis work
causes dopamine release
brains have endogenous cannabinoids - affect pleasure, memory, thinking, concentration, movement, coordination, sensory, time perception
what is happening to the ratio of THC to CBD and what does this mean
THC is increasing (higher risk for negative symptoms)
cannabis is more potent
cannabis use and SCZ
6x more likely to develop schizophrenia than non users
effects of opiods
reduce pain
induce sleep
low doses - euphoria, drowsiness, slower breathing
higher doses - slows down functioning to extent it can be reversed
how do opioids work as analgesics
similar to endorphines
reduce pain which is enduring
concordance rates of SUDs
41-61% (identical twins)
24-42% (fraternal twins)
genes identified with which substance abuse
smoking
alcohol
neurobiology of drugs
affect pleasure pathway of brain
drug users are more …
habit prone
compulsive
social influences on drugs
family
peers
exposure
pharmacological treatments
agonist substitution
antagonist treatment
aversive treatment
agonist substitution
safe drug which similar chemical makeup
- but does not cause dependence or highs
Antagonist treatment
dugs block effects of addictive drug
- unable to get positive effects
Aversive treatment
drugs which make taking drug unpleasant
- has a high attrition rate
psychosocial and cognitive intervention
confront sufferer and ask them to go to rehab
community support programmes
learn to live with addiction
contingency management
vouchers for good behaviour
treatment - changes in use
controlled use vs complete abstinence