history - psych dis

Question 1

what are the standards for defining a psych disorder

Answer 1

• assumed some dysfunction in mental process which causes a problem
• distress or suffering
• disability (impairment in daily life functioning)
• violation of social norms

Question 2

what are the core premises of distress

Answer 2

PTSD, anxiety, depression, anguish

Question 3

what do we rely on to define violation of social norms

Answer 3

• widely held standards of thought, behaviour, action
• cultural relativism
  aspects of society change over time

Question 4

how do you define disability

Answer 4

• behaviour, thoughts, feelings which impair ability to function in work, relaitonships, leisure

Question 5

how do you define dysfunction

Answer 5

internal mechanisms in brain which deviate from that of the original function of that brain part

Question 6

generally, how do psych disorders arise

Answer 6

from complex, and dynamic interaction of biological, psychosocial factors, not a single gene or disease process

Question 7

defining disorders - hard why?

Answer 7

normal and abnormal behaviour lie on a continuum
definitions of abnormal are relative and change over time

Question 8

why are definitions continuously revised

Answer 8

because definitions and symptoms are constantly changing based on culture, gender, age, context etc

Question 9

wha was the first thought of odd behvaiour

Answer 9

was a consequence of the presence of a demon in the body

Question 10

what is demonology

Answer 10

the doctrine that an evil being/spirit can dwell within a persona and control the mind/body

Question 11

what was the treatment for demonology

Answer 11

to make the body uninhabitable
- made them old, hot, methods of abuse, starvations etc

Question 12

who was hippocrates and what was his proposition of disordered thinking

Answer 12

father of modern medicine
- disordered thinking was linked to brain pathology, psych symptoms caused by physical illness

Question 13

what were the 4 humours that mental health symptoms were a result of

Answer 13

blood
phelgm
bile
black bile

Question 14

what was thought to cause hysteria

Answer 14

psych symptoms were due to the uterus moving around the body

Question 15

treatments for melancholia

Answer 15

tranquility, sobreity, exercise, diet, no sex

Question 16

treatment for hysteria

Answer 16

apply pleasant smells to vagina to attract uterus back into position
be constantly pregnant to keep womb occupied

Question 17

who took care of the mentally ill in the dark ages and what were the treatments

Answer 17

christian monasteries
- prayer and relic based, return of supernatural beliefs and witch trials

Question 18

what was bedlam

Answer 18

asylum where people could pay tickets to come and view the mentally ill as entertainment

Question 19

who ended the system of asylums

Answer 19

phillipe pinel

Question 20

what is the modern biological approach and its most influential observation

Answer 20

the study of general paresis (deteriorating mental and eventual paralysis)

Question 21

syphillis and mental health

Answer 21

a causal link was established from infection, caused changes in brain functioning, altered states of consciousness and state of mental health

Question 22

who was francis galton and what were his theories

Answer 22

first to study genetics (families and twins)
mental conditions run in the family

Question 23

who pioneered the eugenics movement

Answer 23

francis galton

Question 24

what is the eugenics movement

Answer 24

traits are heritable so we should eliminate undesirable traits from the populations
forced sterilisation of those with psych disorders

Question 25

hynotism/mesmerism aim

Answer 25

to create a trance like state

Question 26

franz mesmer argued..?

Answer 26

there are magnetic fields in body, which you can use to put people in trances

Question 27

charcot observation and subsequent theory?

Answer 27

can induce hysteria during hypnosis - thus it can be treated with a similar method

Question 28

breuer used the … method

Answer 28

cathartic
talk therapy during hypnosis

Question 29

FREUD - psychoanalytic theory underlies?

Answer 29

the mind has conscious and unconscious states

Question 30

what is the superego for

Answer 30

how we reflect on the world and how we should be behaving

Question 31

disagreement in superego…?

Answer 31

leads to psychological difficulty, which is then addressed in therapy

Question 32

freud - how does therapy work

Answer 32

it is important to study memories and feelings which are usually inaccessible and the person has not control over these - so are unlocked during therapy

Question 33

behaviourism? and stems from?

Answer 33

important for how we treat psych today
stems from pavlovs classical conditioning

Question 34

classical conditioning

Answer 34

automatic responses are learned through experience

Question 35

how is conditioning applied to psych disorders

Answer 35

maybe they are learned through reinforcement

Question 36

positive reinforcement

Answer 36

actions that produce rewarding events are repeated

Question 37

negative reinforcment

Answer 37

actions that avoid noxious events are repeated

Question 38

behaviour shaping by reward approximations?

Answer 38

if get reinforcement from a behaviour, continue to repeat similar behaviours, develop behaviours from slight approximations using feedback

Question 39

modelling behvaiour

Answer 39

learnt passively, without experience of reinforcement or punishment, based on observations

Question 40

what is the goal of behaviour therapy

Answer 40

to create new associations by practicing new forms of behaviour and/or reinforcing adaptive behaviours with positive consequences

Question 41

how is exposure therapy strong specific evidence for behaviour therapies for psych disorders

Answer 41

excessive exposure to fear stimulus, over time automatic fear response declines, when there are not negative outcomes

Question 42

why does behavioural therapy work

Answer 42

if we acquire disorders through learning, we can use the same techniques to improve them

Question 43

what is the most widely used and effective treatment

Answer 43

CBT

Question 44

what does CBT use

Answer 44

idea of changing thoughts and behaviours