Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

TCD > OCD > Flashcards

OCD Flashcards

1
Q

prevalence of OCD

A

~2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are obsessions

A

recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, images which are unwanted or intrusive, and often provoke anxiety and distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what can obsessions sometimes consist of

A

contamination
mistakes
impulses
order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are compulsions

A

repetitive behaviours or mental acts that the individual does in response to an obsession or rigid rule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of compulsions

A

checking
cleaning
repeating
counting
ordering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is ego-dystonia

A

people with OCD know that the behaviours are unnecessary but, abnormal excess cannot resist the urge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does ego-dystonia occur

A

loss of connection between conscious belief/common sense, and unconscious (urge to perform actions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

obsessional criteria for OCD

A
  • recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, images that are unwanted/intrusive and provoke anxiety/distress
  • individual attempts to ignore, suppress, or neutralise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

compulsion criteria for OCD

A
  • repetitive behaviours or mental acts that individual does in response to obsession or rigid rule
  • aimed at preventing or relieving anxiety/distress, or preventing some feared consequence
  • not realist or clearly excessive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

general criteria for OCD

A

time consuming (>1 hr per day) or cause clinically significant distress/impairment of fucnctioning
not attributable to substance
or another disorder/medical condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

concordance of OCD is higher in which set of twin

A

monozygotic (identical)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

prevalence of OCD among 1st degree relatives is …

A

increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

early onset OCD symptoms

A

tics
requires medication which act on dopamine system
more heritable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

late onset OCD symptoms

A

tend to be more anxious
less dopaminergic agents needed
different neurobiological mechanism
appears adolescent - 20/30s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

environmental factors of OCD

A

head trauma (damage to basal ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

treatment of OCD - SSRI and results

A

higher dose required than in depression
up to 65% achieve 20-40% reduction in symptoms but often see relapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what % of OCD achieve remission

A

less than or equal to 25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

treatment for OCD - CBT

A

incorporate exposure and response prevention
and cognitive therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is exposure and response prevention therapy

A

reduce extent to which need to perform rituals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

results of EXRP therpy

A

62-80% of patients respond
fewer relapses
but higher attrition (25%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

OCD in DSM-4

A

considered type of anxiety disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

OCD in DSM-5

A

conceptualised under obsessive-compulsive and related disorder
due to different neural circuitry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

DSM 5 - all OC and related disorders

A

OCD
body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
hoarding disorder
trichotillomania (hair pulling)
excoriation (skin picking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is BDD

A

preoccupation with imagined or exaggerated flaws in physical appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

DSM 5 criteria for BDD

A

appearance preoccupation
repetititve behaviours, or mental acts
clinical significance and not better explained by another disorder/condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

examples of BDD repetitive acts

A

mirror checking
excessive grooming
skin picking
reassurance seeking
disguising/covering areas
comparing appearance to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

BDD and sex differences

A

women - 2.5%
men - 2.2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

examples of skin defects (BDD)

A

acne
wrinkles
scars/lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

examples of facial deformities (BDD)

A

large nose
prominent chin
asymmetry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

examples of hair (BDD)

A

thinning
balding
excessive facial/body hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

examples of body parts (BDD)

A

muscle dysphoria
portruding belly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

heritability of BDD

A

44%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

environmental factors of BDD

A

history of child abuse or neglect
history of teasing/bullying in school - appearance related
cultural specificity
early childhood temperament (shyness, perfectionism, anxiety/depression)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

SSRIs treatment for BDD

A

up to 63% achieve clinically significant improvement
but often relapse when drug discontinued

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

CBT for BDD

A

cognitive - identify and question the meaning of defectiveness
- collect info discontinuous with beliefs and challenge values placed on appearance
behavioural - ExRP, exposure to avoided situation
- reduce compulsive behaviours
psycho-education - creating hierarchy to build up to challenges to get rid of behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

hoarding disorder - criteria

A
  • persistent difficulty discarding/parting with possessions, regardless of value
  • due to perceived need to save items, and distress associated with discarding items
  • results in accumulation of possession which clusters living areas and compromises the intended use
  • clinical significance and no other explanation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

CBT for hoarding disorders

A

re-evalaute the value put on items
handle the desire to get more stuff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

medications for hoarding disorder

A

SSRIs
stimulants
-> reduced efficacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

services for hoarding disorders

A

cleaning/removal services
professional organiser
case management
court appointed guardian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

trichotillomania and excoriation

A

repetitive pulling out of hair from head, eyelashes etc
imbalance between behaviour that occurs when stressed and ability to control it

41
Q

habit reversal training for trichotillomania

A
  • monitor pulling to identify situational antecedents
  • increase awareness of behaviour and high risk situations
  • identify competing response incompatible with hair pulling
  • decrease opportunities to pull hair, or interfering/preventing pulling
42
Q

is medication or HRT better for trichotilomania

A

HRT

43
Q

which brain areas are associated with BDD, hoarding and OCD

A

hyperactivity in orbitofrontal cortex
caudate
thalamus

44
Q

what is dissociation

A

lack of normal integration of thoughts, feelings, experiences into consciousness and memory

45
Q

features of dissociation

A

disruption of
- sense of self
- sense of body and surroundings
- memory (amnesia)
- self identification

46
Q

what is depersonalisation

A

separation of thoughts, emotions, sense of self, feel like outside of own body

47
Q

what is derealisation

A

surroundings appear surreal and dreamlike, detachment

48
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

inability to recall autobiographical information
not attributable to substance use, brain injury, psych condition
symptoms are distressing/impairing

49
Q

what events is retrograde concerned with

A

past

50
Q

what is dissociative fugue

A

situation where one takes off and engages with purposeful travel before they are reminded and brought back home

51
Q

what events are anterograde concerned with

A

future events

52
Q

albert dadas

A

12 year who ran away
dissociative fugue

53
Q

what is dissociative identity disorder

A

characterised by experience of at least 2 distinct personality traits (alters)
discontinuity in identity

54
Q

who was billy mulligan

A

committed violent sexual acts and claimed to be embodied by another alter at time
not tried as a criminal due to guilty by insanity defence

55
Q

who was shirley mason

A

began treatment for anxiety and memory loss, and 12 alters emerged over 2 decades of treatment
hypnosis, psychodynamic treatment, medications
admitted to lying during therapy about alters, and Dr dismissed claim, continued treatment

56
Q

when was DID added to DSM

A

1980

57
Q

what is malingering

A

pretending to have symptoms because it benefits them

58
Q

what are iatrogenic symptoms

A

symptoms that are caused by treatment

59
Q

prevalence of DID

A

1.5%

60
Q

prevalence of depersonalisation/derealisation

A

2.5%

61
Q

prevalence of dissociative amnesia

A

7.5%

62
Q

which disorders are dissociative disorders most comorbid with

A

borderline personality disorder
somatic symptom disorder
depression
ptsd
history of suicide attempts

63
Q

what causes dissociation

A

sleep deprivation
stress
drugs

64
Q

what is the post traumatic model for dissociation

A

syndrome may arise after attempts to restore balance and stability, cope with life following trauma

65
Q

what is the primary risk factor for dissociative disorders

A

trauma

66
Q

childhood trauma prevalence and dissociative disorders

A

sexual - 57-90%
emotional - 57%
physical - 63-82%
neglect - 63%

67
Q
A
68
Q

what is the socio cognitive model for dissociative disorders

A

treatments may be causing symptoms
people seek explanations and suggestions from therapists, or media may cause symptoms to appear/elaborated

69
Q

what are the treatment options for DID

A

psychotherapy and psychodynamic approaches

70
Q

psychotherapy for DID

A

to help client form more adaptive coping techniques are manage stressors
convince individual they do not need alters to be safe
reintegration of identity

71
Q

psychodynamic approaches for dissociative disorders

A

focus on repressed memories by reactivating them and working through them
can be detrimental - false memories inductions later proven wrong

72
Q

somatic symptom disorder - features

A
  • used to be called hypochondriac
  • excessive concerns about physical health symptoms
  • having significant focus on physical symptoms (pain, weakness, shortness of breath) leads to major distress and problems functioning
  • make frequent doctor visits, request lots of tests
  • obsessing over symptoms online
73
Q

categories in DSM - somatic

A

somatic symptom disorder
illness anxiety disorder
conversion disorder
factitious disorder

74
Q

criteria for somatic symptom disorder

A

one or more somatic symptoms distressing and disrupt daily life
should last at least 6 months

75
Q

what is illness anxiety disorder

A

preoccupation and high anxiety around having or acquiring serious illness

76
Q

criteria for illness anxiety disorder

A

excessive illness behaviour (checking, reassurance seeking, avoidance of medical care)
somatic symptoms are not present or mild
last at least 6 months

77
Q

functional neurological disorder

A

first described as hysteria (conversion disorder)
condition where individual experience an alteration in neural functioning
incompatibility between symptom and recognised neuro/medical condition

78
Q

side effects of FND

A

sensation or motor movements
seizures
paralysis
blindness

79
Q

what is the crucial aspect of FND

A

no identified medical cause of neurological symptoms

80
Q

factitious disorder

A

falsification of physical or psych signs of symptoms, or induction if injury or disease

81
Q

what do people with factitious disorder do

A

extreme behaviours
lengthy hospital stays
painful tests
take drugs which damage self
fake tests
undergo surgeries, treatments

82
Q

reasons which may explain factitious disorder

A

some think it may be a need to be cared for/attention
possibly related to personality disorders

83
Q

prevalence for somatisation disorder

A

<1%

84
Q

prevalence of illness anxiety disorder

A

1.3 - 10%

85
Q

prevalence of FND

A

2-5/100,000

86
Q

prevalence of factitious disorder

A

1% in hospital settings

87
Q

risk factors for somatic disorders

A

environmental and psychological

88
Q

environmental risk factors for somatic disorders

A

childhood abuse or adversity
physical trauma
insecure attachment

89
Q

psychological risk factors for somatic disorders

A

excessive anxiety about ones health
increased attention to and experience of somatic symptoms
behaviours they engage with reinforces the anxiety

90
Q

which parts of the brain react to unpleasant senations

A

insula
anterior cingular cortex

91
Q

which part of the brain processes bodily sensations

A

somatosensory cortex

92
Q

cognitive behavioural models of somatic symptoms

A

anxiety/stress/depression amplify attention to/experience of pain, catastrophize consequences of pain, causes somatic symptoms
vicious cycles can maintain chronic pain

93
Q

what is the biopsychosocial model of chronic pain

A

brains interact with world through perception
- do not all perceive in same way, attend to information differently

94
Q

what might someone be more anxious about health

A

acute stress exposure may start cycle
excessive concern over health and symptoms may be learnt in childhood
people may receive sympathy, and reinforcement of behaviour from health professionals

95
Q

freud explaining FND

A

medically unexplained physical symptoms can be caused by unconscious conflict

96
Q

CBT for SSD - thoughts

A

change beliefs
pay less attention to bodily sensations
teach coping mechanisms

97
Q

CBT for SSD - feelings

A

reduce stress and anxiety which may trigger concerns
treat depression
teach recognition between links of body and brain

98
Q

CBT for SSD - behaviours

A

stop taking tests
stop googling
find strategies to get reinforcement elsewhere
family to stop reinforcing behaviour

TCD (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions