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PSYCH 345A > substance use and addictive disorders. ch 5 pg 118-131 > Flashcards

substance use and addictive disorders. ch 5 pg 118-131 Flashcards

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1
Q

definitions of drug addiction usually state 2 facts:

A
  1. the addicted individual has impaired control over the use of the drug
  2. the drug use has harmful consequences
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2
Q

what is one problem with the control aspect of the def. of addiction
–> what is the real questions that needs to be asked

A

there is no way to tell the difference between behaviour that is controlled or not controlled
–> can the person stop if he or she wanted to

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3
Q

craving and control are subjective states that ultimately depend on the?

A

self -report of the user

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4
Q

is a person ever cured fro addiction?

A

no they are just in remission of symptoms. (addiction is a chronic disorder)

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5
Q

hedonia means?

A

pleasure

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6
Q

can stimuli act as reinforcers without the sensation of pleasure

A

yes

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7
Q

activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system occurs in response to the stimuli that precede or anticipate a stimulus as opposed to?

A

the actual stimulus itself.

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8
Q

where are hedonic hotspots

A

nucleus accumbens and ventral portion of the pallidum

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9
Q

increases of “liking” reactions results from activation of?

A

the hedonic hotspots by opioids

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10
Q

are the hedonic hotspots and “liking” dependent on dopamine

A

no

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11
Q

what are the nucleus accumbens and mesolimbic dopamine systems role in reinforcement

A

wanting

  • -> general activation (pushing) ex, hungry
  • -> directing the behaviour towards the goal
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12
Q

directing a behaviour towards a goal is done by ?

A

incentive salience

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13
Q

various stimuli in the environment have or acquire special motivational properties that cause us to notice

A

incentive salience

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14
Q

what brain structure is responsible for incentive salience and what is a crucial element in the process

A

nucleus accumbens, dopamine

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15
Q

the nucleus accumbens turns a neutral stimulus into?

A

a stimulus that we WANT

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16
Q

if dopamine is taken away what happens?

A

you still “like” the stimulus but your drive to obtain it (want) it lessons

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17
Q

what is the “do it again” system

A

“wanting” system

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18
Q

what is one of the most important differences between natural and drug related reinforcers?

A

under normal conditions, natural reinforcers have a satiation mechanism that terminates their reinforcing effect. (ex, after we eat and are full food loses its reinforcing effect)

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19
Q

what reinforcement is more immediate and why?

A

drug reinforcement (over natural) because drugs are able to get the brain immediately

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20
Q

the fast, high surges in dopamine that correspond with drug taking are not what cause the feelings of euphoria
–> could be what?

A
  • could be opioids and endocannabinoids (liking)
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21
Q

the heightened surge in dopamine ensures?

A

we are motivated to seek them again

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22
Q

Stress can increase the strength of a reinforcing stimulus. this is due to increased levels of?

A

glucocorticoid hormones causing the release of dopamine

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23
Q

repeated exposure to a stressful stimuli will do what?

A

cause sensitization to that stimulus

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24
Q

in addiction there is sensitization to both the sensation of the drug as well as the motivation circuitry. the incentive becomes a?
- in other words there is a sensitization of?

A

motivational magnet

- incentive motivation

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25
Q

the ? uses the change in motivational sensitivity to explain addictive behaviours

A
  • incentive sensitization theory
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26
Q

a strong de- sire or urge to use a specific substance

A

craving

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27
Q

The incentive motivational effects of drugs and their cues become stronger (sensitized) with repeated exposure due to increased activity of the

A

meso- limbic dopamine system and neuroadaptations of brain circuits that mediate classical conditioning of incentive motivational processes

28
Q

2 characteristics of incentive salience

A
  1. The stimulus is easily noticed and attended to by the organism
  2. the stimulus motivates behavior that is directed toward it
29
Q

what happens when a recovering alcoholic see a picture of alcohol

A

it induces a craving and increased activity in the pre frontal and anterior cingulate cortices and the mesolimbic dopamine system becomes active

30
Q

the dysfunction of dopamine in the ventral striatum my lead alcoholics to?

A

attribute increased amounts of attention to alcohol related cues

31
Q

can internal memories induce cravings?

A

yes

32
Q

According to incentive sensitization theory, the subjective consequence of activation of this system (craving) is ?, and the subjective experience of a sensitized system is intense wanting or ?

A
  • wanting

- craving

33
Q

the more a drug is used the more it gains control over?

A

the motivational circuitry and the more it can control a large amount of your behaviour
–> addiction

34
Q

people often crave drugs even though they report that, at the same time, they are miserable and get little or no pleasure from the drug–> this explains the difference b/w ?

A

liking and wanting

35
Q

hedonic, neurobiological/psychological dependence model of addiction based on a continually shifting balance between the activity of?

A

the reward system and the anti-reward system

36
Q

with repeated use of a drug the REWARD system become? and the ANTI-REWARD system become?
–what kind of process is this?

A
  • dysfunctional/dysregulated - don return to normal level
  • increasingly recruited and level of activity increases
  • allostatic process
37
Q

a contrast to homeostasis

A

allostasis

38
Q

situations where the set point is not constant but changes in response to changes in the animal’s environment

A

allostasis

39
Q

what does allostasis mean in regards to dosage

A

new allostatic set point means that a person must take larger and larger doses of the drug to achieve the same degree of euphoria or pleasure as he or she did from the first dose.but at the same time the person does not get the same feelings when on the drug and gets worse and worse depression when not on it

40
Q

changes take place in the neurocircuitry and neurochemistry that drive the stress response

A

between system

41
Q

eventually sensitization is overcome by the processes of? the term they use to describe the lowering of the mood set point.

A

hedonic dysregulation,

42
Q

dysphoria

A

depression or unhappiness

43
Q

dysphoria can be thought of as? that can only be alleviated by taking more drugs

A

psychological withdrawal syndrome

44
Q

drug addiction involves a dysfunction in information processing and integration among multiple brain regions that comprise four interrelated circuits. these circuits are?

A
  1. reward saliency
  2. motivation/drive
  3. memory/ conditioning
  4. inhibitory control/ executive function
45
Q

all circuits receive direct input from?

A

dopamine

46
Q

dysfunction of brain areas (orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and insular cortex) involved in motivation and attentional control, LEADS TO

A

compulsion and impulsivity

47
Q

long term dug use leads to dysfunctional prefrontal cortex so it cannot properly regulate dopamine which means the ? and ? are left uninhibited, resulting in?

A

the motivational drive and memory conditioning circuits

- compulsive drug intake

48
Q

researchers think denial may be due to?

A

dysfunctional cortical circuits that mediate insight and self-awareness

49
Q

the most affective treatments for drug addiction are those that focus on?

A

all aspects of functioning that have been disrupted by drug use

50
Q

process by which the body clears itself of drugs and is often ac- companied by unpleasant and sometimes even fatal side effects.

A

detoxification

51
Q

medically managed with drawal.

A

medications that help lesson the effects of withdrawal

52
Q

provide intensive but relatively brief treatment based on a modified 12-step approach

A

short term residential treatment

53
Q

often is more suitable for people with jobs or extensive social supports

A

out patient treatment program

54
Q

provides 24-hour a day care with planned lengths of stay between 6 and 12 months

A

therapeutic community (type of long term residential treatment)

55
Q

focus on the resocialization of the individual

A

therapeutic community

56
Q

designed to engage people in treatment, provide incentives for them to remain abstinent, modify their attitudes and behaviors related to drug use, and increase their life skills to handle stressful circumstances and environmental cues that may trigger intense craving for drugs and relapse.

A

behavioural treatments

57
Q

individuals learn to identify and correct problematic behaviors through techniques intended to enhance self-control by exploring the positive and negative consequences of continued use, self-monitoring to recognize drug cravings early on and to identify high- risk situations for use

A

cognitive behavioural theory

58
Q

based on operant conditioning principles of reinforcing drug-free urine samples with low-cost incentives such as prizes or vouchers exchange- able for food items, movie passes, and other personal goods

A

contingency management interventions

59
Q

aimed at helping individuals resolve ambivalence about engaging in treatment

A

motivational enhancement theory

60
Q

Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous, are some of the most well-known behavioral treatments for addiction
- these are an example of?

A

12 step facilitation therapy

61
Q

3 key aspects of 12 step facilitation therapy

A
  1. acceptance
  2. surrender
  3. active involvement
62
Q

for drug addicts with partners as an add-on to individual and group therapy

A

behavioural couples therapy

63
Q

what is a very important part of therapy for youth/adolecense

A

family involvement

64
Q

outpatient approach that views adolescent drug use in terms of a network of influences

A

Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT

65
Q

targets family interactions that are thought to maintain or exacerbate adolescent drug abuse and other co-occurring problem behaviors such as oppositional behavior, delinquency, associating with antisocial peers, aggressive and violent behavior, and risky sexual behavior.

A

Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT

66
Q

addresses the factors associated with serious antisocial behavior of adolescents who abuse drugs

A

multi systemic therapy

67
Q

substitution or replacement therapies

A

drug of abuse could be replaced with a gradually decreasing dose of a pharmacologically similar, longer-acting medication until the individual was drug free.
(ex, nicotine patch)

PSYCH 345A (10 decks)

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