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PSYCH 345A > absorption and distribution. ch 1 pg 15-24 > Flashcards

absorption and distribution. ch 1 pg 15-24 Flashcards

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1
Q

the olive oil partition coefficient is used to express?

A

the lipid solubility of the drug

put drug into a mixture of half water half oil and see how much of the drug dissolves in each substance

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2
Q

drugs that are more highly lipid soluble will be more concentrated and which substance in the olive oil test?

A

the olive oil

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3
Q

why is it important to tell how lipid soluble a drug is?

A

measure the degree to which a drug will dissolve in fat tissue in the body

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4
Q

when a molecule carries an electrical charge (ion) it looses its ability to?

A

dissolve in lipids (unable to pass through membrane)

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5
Q

3 ways to determine the percentage of ionized molecules in a solution?

A

1) whether the drug is a weak acid or base
2) whether it is dissolved in an acid or a base
3) its pKa

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6
Q

what is the pKa of a drug?

A

the pH at which half its molecules are ionized

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7
Q

on the pH scale #s below 7 are? and #s above 7 are?

A

below= acid

above=base

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8
Q

what is the pH of the lining of the intestine?

A

3.5

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9
Q

morphine is a ? with a pH of?

A

base , 8

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10
Q

will morphine be absorbed by the digestive system?

A

no. because bases are highly ionized in solutions with low pH such as the intestine (3.5). ionized molecules cannot cross the membrane

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11
Q

caffeine is a base that has a pKa of 0.5 what does this say about its absorption in the body?

A

almost completely nonionized in the digestive system (can be absorbed)

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12
Q

if 97% of a drug is ionized in the digestive system, and only 3 % is lipid soluble, what will happen?

A

the 3 % will diffuse through the membrane and be removed by the blood and then a new 3% becomes non ionized and diffuses. the process continues until equilibrium is reached.

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13
Q

the percentage of ionization determines the ? of absorption.

A

rate

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14
Q

transdermal administration?

A

drug is absorbed through the skin

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15
Q

what is the main layer of skin that is a barrier to absorption?

A

epidermis (outer layer)

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16
Q

the epidermis is made of flattened cells densely packed with?

A

keratin?

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17
Q

characteristics of epidermis

A

impermeable to water

- can only be penetrated by lipid soluble substances

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18
Q

the drug is separated by the skin by a special membrane that controls the rate of absorption
- this is what kind of drug use?

A

a patch

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19
Q

highly lipid soluble drugs tend to concentrate where?

A

in body fat outside the CNS

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20
Q

why is it not good when drugs get absorbed by fat?

A

it keeps them there preventing them from reaching their SOA.

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21
Q

what can the pKa also influence?

why?

A

where a drug gets to in the body

–> anywhere int he body it can get trapped inside a membrane depending on its pH

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22
Q

drugs that are weak bases tend to ionize in? and drugs that are weak acids tend to ionize?

A
  • acidic solutions

- basic solutions

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23
Q

a difference in pH across the membrane of 1.0 will cause a drug to be ? more concentrated on one side than the other
- and difference of 2.0?

A

10 x

100x

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24
Q

?is a result of special cells in the central nervous system that wrap themselves around the capillaries and block the pores through which substances normally diffuse

A

blood brain barrier

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25
Q

what substances have great difficulty getting though the blood brain barrier?

A

non lipid soluble substances

26
Q

contains specialized cells that play an important role in detecting impurities or toxins in the blood and elicits vomiting by stimulating the vomiting center in an attempt to rid the body of these substances.

A

area postrema of the medulla oblonganta

27
Q

plays an important role in de- tecting hormone levels in the blood, especially those hor- mones involved in regulating the balance of bodily fluids.

A

subfornical organ in the brain

28
Q

intermediary organ between the fetus and the wall of the uterus

A

the placenta

29
Q

what drugs cross the placenta barrier more easily?

A

highly lipid soluble

30
Q

what percentage of the drug that the mother takes reaches the blood of the baby within 5 minutes?

A

75%-100%

31
Q

the major job of elimination is done by ? they are known as?

A

the liver and kidneys

–> the dynamic duo of excretion

32
Q

what is the function of the liver?

A

molecules are modified to form new substances useful to the body, and toxic molecules are changed into less harmful substances to be filtered out of the blood by the kidneys

33
Q

an enzyme is a?

A

catalyst (a substance that controls a certain chemical reaction)

34
Q

the body controls chemical reactions by?

A

controlling the amount of enzyme available to act as a catalyst

35
Q

alcohol dehydrogenase is an example of?

A

an enzyme

36
Q

the process of restructuring molecules is referred to as?

A

metabolism

37
Q

the products of metabolism are?

A

metabolites

38
Q

the metabolic process where drugs are concerned

A

detoxification

39
Q

2 general rules about metabolites

A

1) MOST of the time they are less toxic then the original substance
2) they are usually more likely to ionize

40
Q

explain first pass metabolism

A

Drugs that are absorbed from the digestive system are absorbed into blood that goes to the liver before it returns to the heart

41
Q

Their primary function is to maintain the correct balance between water and salt in body fluids
-> they also physically remove molecules from the blood

A

kidneys

42
Q

the functional part of the kidney is? at one end of this tube structure is called? and inside this is a clump of the capillaries called the ?

A

nephron, bowmans capsule, glomerulus

43
Q

what ever is not reabsorbed into the blood passes through the nephron and is?

A

excreted form the body through urine

44
Q

what is the ph of blood and urine

A 
blood = 7.5
urine = 6
45
Q

acids or bases tend to be retained in the urine and excreted more easily?

A

bases

46
Q

the rate of excretion can be described in terms of ?

A

half life

47
Q

at low conc. the rate of metabolism will be?

A

lower

48
Q

time taken for the body to eliminate half of a given blood level of a drug

A

half life

49
Q

When the elimination of a drug changes with concentration in this half life manner, it is said to have?

A

first order kinetics

50
Q

one drug that does not eliminate in a half life manner

A

alcohol

rate: 15mg alcohol/ 100mg of blood/ hour

51
Q

when the rate of elimination of a drug is a straight line (alcohol) is it said to have?

A

zero order kinetics

52
Q

in alcohol metabolism, alcohol is converted to? by the enzyme? then the acetaldehyde is converted to ? by another enzyme called?

A

acetaldehyde, alcohol dehydrogenase, acetyl coenzyme, aldehyde dehydrogenase

53
Q

enzyme induction is?

A

Levels of a given enzyme can be increased by previous exposure to a specific drug that uses that enzyme or some other enzyme system.

54
Q

what contributes to generating a tolerance for a drug

A

enzyme induction

55
Q

disulfiram is a drug t blocks? hat

A

aldehyde dehydrogenase

56
Q

drinking what juice can increase the blood levels of many drugs?

A

grapefruit juice

57
Q

does drug metabolism differ with age?

A

yes

58
Q

a time course if referring to?

A

the effect of the drug changing over time in a single administration

59
Q

the absorption rate of a drug can change depending on what?

A

the route of administration

60
Q

the therapeutic window refers to?

A

when drugs are taken for therapeutic purposes it is important they stay within the right blood level within your body for the best effects.
–> take the correct dose at the given intervals

61
Q

lithium carbonate is given to ppl with? and has a very ? therapeutic window

A

bipolar disorder

- narrow

PSYCH 345A (10 decks)

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