Sites and mechanisms of action (class) Flashcards
Neurons, neural network
-what type of system?
microsystem
neural networks, spinal cord
what type of system?
macrosystem
brain , environment
–> what system?
supra macro system
problem with functional classification
relies on operationalization
4 structural divisions of a neuron
Metabolic (Soma)
» Input (dendrites) » Conduction (Axon)
» Output (Terminals)
3 communicational divisions
- Integration (Hillock)
- Transmission (Nodes of Ranvier)
- Synapse
do all neurons have the same 4 structural divisions?
no, but MOST
“emergency response” to depolarization
action potential
a neuron is dead at how many mv?
0
passive transport relies on a? and the chemical molecules can be? (3)
transport protein
- lipid soluble
- small/simple chains
- uncharged (not an ion)
what type of protein binding is direct and fast
iontropic
what type of protein binding?
–> receptor changes –> flow across membrane
iontropic
what type of protein binding?
- change in other cells –> flows across membrane –> production of chemicals
metabotropic
what type of protein binding is indirect and slow?
metabotropic
ability to form bonds with other substances
protein binding
binding to electrons can be irreversible or reversible. what is an example of a reversible molecule
hydrogen (any molecule involving water can come apart really easily)
how does a molecule become toxic?
through irreversible covalent chemical bond to a toxic substance
3 types of terminating synaptic action
- ectopic
- enzymatic degradation
- reuptake
what terminating action involves “floating away” and is rare
ectopic
what terminating action involves “lock and key” model, bonds in substrate weakened
enzymatic degradation
what terminating action involves a transport protein and an enzyme
reuptake
2 types or receptor actions that play a role in regulation
- autoreceptors
- retrograde synapse
the minute the AP hits off the post synapticneuron, it has its own
chemicals that go attach to the pre synpatic neuron and tell it to stop
–> what is this an example of?
- retrograde synapse
Excitatoxicity is a form of?
cell death
Damage/elimination of neurons as a result of over-stimulation “burn out”
excitotoxicity
during a “burn out” what causes increased enzymatic activation
high calcium influx
programmed cell death. this is called? and happens when?
- apoptosis
- happens during excitotoxicity during a “burn out”
repeated withdrawals is called?
kindling
drugs can effect what part of chemical transmission (5)
- synthesis
- storing
- release (into the synapse)
- reuptake (autoreceptors and post synaptic retrograde cells)
- activation
drugs can behave in to ways?
1) antagonist
2) agonism
a NT is considered a NT if it has these 4 characteristics:
- The Presynaptic cell.. (Produces, stores, and releases)
- The post-synaptic cell… (Has receptors for chemical) 3. Blocking affects transmission
- Artificial activation changes receptors
what differentiates a NT form a drug
the presynaptic cell and artificial activation changes receptors
what differentiates a NT from a metabolite
the post synaptic cell
what differentiates a NT form a toxin/ nutrient
blocking affects transmission
quaternary NT function
and what NT?
Learning/ Memory
- -> associative, encoding and retrieval
- acetylcholine
what is acetylcholine also involved in?
Nausea
monoamine: dopamine: function?
- learning/ memory (reward and punishment)
2. motor control (inhibition)
monoamine: norepinephrine: function:
mobilize (alertness/arousal)
“fight or flight”
indolamines: seratonin: function
“soothing”
- sleep (reality monitoring), mood
function of amino acids in general
- function fo gaba
- function of glutamate
- function fo histamine
- regulatory system (monitor and mediate actions)
- inhibit
- activate
- immune regulatory response
Autonomic tract
– Maintain breathing, heart beat, etc
– Vomiting center
» Not shielded by blood/brain barrier
medulla oblongata
what is the last resort trigger for vomiting
medulla oblongata
-Integration of sensory/motor movement
– Visual, auditory, somatosensory, vestibular
cerebellum
what brain part is the first and last interaction b/n brain and body
cerebellum
pons part of mid brain or hind brain?
mid brain (function of behaviour)
pons job
relay to mid and fore brain
2 parts of pons and their functions
- locus coeruleus: processes sensory info
- reticular formation: arousal, selective attention, wakefullness (raphe nucleus)
the raphe nucleus is part of what and is responsible for what?
part of the reticular formation of the pons and is responsible for initiating sleep
mid brain is involved in?
reward circuitry
periaqueductal Gray is involved in encoding?
and the ventral tegmental area is involved with?
–> both parts of?
- pain/punishment
- reward circuitry/pleasure
- midbrain
hippocampus function
learning/memory
amygdala function
negative emotion
- regulation of it
- memory of it
- reactivity
hypothalamus function
physiological based drives
(homeostasis) EVERYTHING
thalamus function
relay (motor and sensory)
cerebral cortex function
executive/ cognitive control
insula function
Consciousness, self-awareness, interpersonal experience, imagination, gustation, audition
