Ch 4. Neurotransmission (pg 79-90)

Question 1

4 criteria to be a NT

Answer 1

(a) the substance is synthesized within the neuron by coexisting enzymes,
(b) the substance is released in response to cell depolarization,
(c) the substance binds to receptors to alter the postsynaptic cell, and
(d) the substance is removed or deactivated by some mechanism within the synaptic cleft

Question 2

peptides are what type of NT

Answer 2

large molecule

Question 3

can nT release different substances at different synapses?

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

neurons are classified according to?

Answer 4

the primary NT they release

Question 5

cholinergic neurons

Answer 5

neurons that release acetylcholine

Question 6

adrenergic and noradrenergic

Answer 6

neurons that release epinephrine and norepineprine

Question 7

the effect of a NT depends on?

Answer 7

the nature of the receptors it binds to

Question 8

2 types of agonistic interference

Answer 8

• direct agonistic (mimics completely)

- partial agonistic (only activates receptor weakly)

Question 9

Some neurotransmitter receptor complexes have more than one binding site
–> called?

Answer 9

non competitive binding

Question 10

acetylcholine is made from combining?

Answer 10

acetate and choline with the help of enzyme choline acetyltransferase

Question 11

2 major system of cholinergic neurons that project through the brain

Answer 11

1. basal nucleus of Meynert
   and medial septal nuclei (project fibers through entire neocortex)
2. mesopontine tegmentum (also projects to lots of places and plays a role in REM)

Question 12

Nicotinic cholinergic receptors are?

Muscarinic cholinergic receptors are ?

Answer 12

• ionotropic

- metabotrophic

Question 13

monoamines means what?

Answer 13

synthesized from a single a.a

Question 14

rate-limiting enzyme

Answer 14

the amount of a.a synthesized depends on the availability of that enzyme

Question 15

dopamine beta-hydroxylase converts?

Answer 15

dopamine –> norepinephrine

Question 16

phenylethanolamine-N-methyl-transferase converts?

Answer 16

norepineprhine –> epineprhine

Question 17

in what system does dopamine act as a neurohormone?

Answer 17

tuberoinfundibular pathway

Question 18

the circulatory system that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Answer 18

hypophyseal portal system

Question 19

dopamine cell bodies in the substantia nigra of the midbrain project their axons to two regions of the striatum
–> what pathway is this? and what does it play a role in?

Answer 19

nigrostriatal pathway

- motor function

Question 20

pathway from the ventral tegmental area to the cortex

Answer 20

mesocortical pathway

Question 21

pathway from the tegmental area to the nucleus acumbens

Answer 21

mesolimbic pathway

Question 22

dysfunction of NE=

Answer 22

attentional deficits and depression

Question 23

4 noradrenergic receptors : alpha1, beta1, beta 2, and alpha2,
–> what one is inhibitory?

Answer 23

alpha 2

Question 24

major collection of cell bodies for seratonin are in? and they are called?

Answer 24

raphe nuclei or the pons

- dorsal raphe nucleus and median raphe nucleus

Question 25

how many of the 22 a.a act as NT

Answer 25

8

Question 26

2 most widespread a.a that act as NT

Answer 26

GABA and glutamate

Question 27

drugs that inhibit? also impede learnign and memory

Answer 27

NMDA (a receptor of glutamate)

Question 28

the enzyme that converts glutamate to GABA

Answer 28

decarboxylase

Question 29

23 classes of GABA receptors

Answer 29

GABAa that controls Cl- ion influx and GABAb that inhibit Ca2+ channels and indirectly controls K+ channel to hyperpolarize cell

Question 30

glycine is made from ? and antagonized from the drug?

Answer 30

serine, strychnine (in a poison nut tree)

Question 31

glycine receptors are also blocked by?

Answer 31

caffeine

Question 32

adenosine is made of

Answer 32

ribose and adenine

Question 33

all cells contain? for it is required for basic life processes

Answer 33

adenosine

Question 34

When neurons are running low on oxygen or energy, they release ?, which causes dilation of blood vessels in the cells’ proximity and a consequent increase in blood flow and in fuel and oxygen supply to the neurons

Answer 34

adenosine

Question 35

anandamide (meaning “internal bliss”) and arachidonylglycero

–> both are?

Answer 35

2 major cannaboinoids

Question 36

is a soluble gas produced in many cells throughout the body where it plays an important role in vasodilation and blood flow

Answer 36

nitric oxide