Substance Abuse And Addictive Disorders Flashcards
Withdrawal
Body becomes dependent on the substance, painful symptoms when substance is withheld
Tolerance
Brain and body adjust to the use of a substance, more is required to feel its effects
General prevalence rates for substance abuse
8.9% of teens and adults in a given year
11-20% seek treatment
Rates highest among Native Americans lowest in Asian Americans
Changes in the DSM-5
Different categories collapsed into one diagnosis, criteria based on specific substance
Substance use disorder
A problematic pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
Alcohol intoxication
Recent ingestion of alcohol, clinically significant problematic behavior or psychological changes, slurred speech, lack of coordination, nystagmus, stupor or coma
Alcohol withdrawal
Cessation or reduction in alcohol use that has been heavy and prolonged with two of the following: autonomic hyperactivity, hand tremor, insomnia, nausea, hallucinations, anxiety, seizures
Depressants
Alcohol
Sedatives
Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Effects of alcohol
Depresses the brain, causes liver disease, pancreatitis, cardiovascular disorders, brain damage
Alcohol Use Stats
~50% over the age of twelve consume
Highest rates in whites, lowest in native Hawaiians
23% binge drink (42% of college kids)
Alcohol Use Disorder Stats
4.6% in a given year (12-17)
8.5% in a given year (18+)
Higher in men than women
Alcohol intoxication stats
44% of 12th grade students
70% of high school students
Alcohol withdrawal stats
50% of middle class 80% of the hospitalized and homeless Less than 10% experience delirium or seizures
Barbiturates
Sedatives used for sleep assistance
Act as muscle relaxers, similar to alcohol intoxication, may enter a paralysis of the diaphragm to the point of suffocation
Benzodiazepines
Anxiolytics, date rape drug, Xanax and Valium, induces calm and sleep, can quickly result in tolerance, fatal when combined with alcohol
Sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytics stats
0.3% in a year
Higher in adult males than females
Opposite in teens
Stimulants
Amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine
Amphetamines
Manufactured, reduction in fatigue, elation, energy, significant crash, ecstasy, and crystal meth
Amphetamine use disorder stats
0.2%
Equal in males and females
Cocaine
Effects short lived, increases blood pressure and pulse, can cause paranoia, exaggerated fears, can be fatal
Cocaine Use Disorder
0.2-0.3%
Higher in males than females
Nicotine
21% currently smoke
No real intoxication phase, but significant withdrawal effects
Activates the pleasure pathway
Caffeine
90% use caffeine
Improves mood and decreases fatigue
Withdrawal may include headaches, drowsiness, and irritability
Opioids
Naturally occurring and synthetic chemicals that have the effects of narcotics (heroin, oxycodone, hydrocodone)
Withdrawal can occur in a matter of hours without the drug
Opioid use disorder stats
0.37%-1%
Higher in males than females
Hallucinogens
LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, PCP
Change how individuals perceive the world by distorting the five senses
LSD effects
Synthetic, produce intensified perceptual experiences, rapid heartbeat, sweating, effects last a few hours, tolerance develops very quickly, may produce psychotic reactions
Hallucinogen use disorder stats
.5%-.1% in a given year
Higher in adult males than females, opposite for teens
PCP
Synthetic produced in 1926 as an anesthetic, produces numbness, intoxication, convulsions, paranoia, hallucinations, changes in mood, may increase suicidal behavior, stays in the body for 8+ days
PCP use disorder stats
Unknown
2.5% of the pop reports use in a lifetime
Cannabis (Marijuana)
Most commonly used illegal substance, effects are variable, associated with impairments in memory, concentration, relationships, work, potentially significant medical side effects
Cannabis use disorder stats
3.4% for 12-17
1.5% for 18+
Higher in males than females
Inhalants
Spray paint, hair spray, paint thinner
Rapidly absorbed in the bloodstream and produces a high
Risk of death and brain damage
Gambling disorder
Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
Biological causes of substance use disorder
Family and genetics, activation of he pleasure and reward pathways
Psychological causes of substance use disorder
Positive and negative reinforcement which both encourage behaviors
Expectancy effect
The way individuals experiences the effects of the drugs is due in part to how they expect to react
Acting drunk when they have received no alcohol
Cravings
Very intense, can derail abstinence
Can be turned on by memories access, moods, small doses
Social factors in substance use
Exposure makes it more likely, parents may transmit behaviors to children or lack supervision
Treatment for substance use disorder
Agonists, antagonists, aversive, inpatient treatment, AA or other groups, controlled use, motivational interviewing, CBT
Agonists
Safe drug replaces an abused substance
Nicotine gum for cigarettes
Antagonists
Instead of producing a pleasurable effect, these medications produce withdrawal symptoms which should train the individual to avoid the drug
Aversive
Antabuse is used to produce highly unpleasant symptoms when substance is ingested
