Mood Disorders

Question 0

Dysthymic disorder

Answer 0

Depressed mood for most of the day more days than not for at least two years

Symptoms do not remit for more than 2 months at a time

Question 1

Major depressive disorder

Answer 1

Five or more symptoms present during the same two week period nearly every day: depressed mood, ahedonia, significant change in weight, insomnia, hypersomnia, fatigue, psychomotor agitation, recurrent thoughts of death

Question 2

Double depression

Answer 2

Suffering from dysthymia and MDD at the same time, means a poorer prognosis

Term will likely become obsolete

Question 3

Depressive disorders stats

Answer 3

8% severe, 5% mild in a given year
19% of adults will experience in a lifetime
Women 2x more likely
Onset risk increases with age
6-15% commit suicide

Question 4

Dysthymia mean duration

Answer 4

5 years, could be as many as 20-30

Question 5

Manic episode

Answer 5

A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally increased goal-directed activity or energy lasting at least 1 week
Marked impairment

Question 6

Hypomanic episode

Answer 6

Same as manic except symptoms only present for four days and is not severe enough to cause marked impairment or problems in functioning

Question 7

Mixed episode

Answer 7

MDD and a sub clinical mania or hypomania

Question 8

Bipolar I

Answer 8

Presence or history of one or more major depressive episodes, criteria have been met for at least one MANIC episode

Question 9

Bipolar II

Answer 9

Criteria met for at least one major depressive episode and one HYPOMANIC episode

Question 10

Cyclothymic disorder

Answer 10

For at least two years there have even numerous period a with hypomanic and depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for either episode

Question 11

Bipolar I and II stats

Answer 11

1-2.6% at any given time
Equal among men and women, more common in low income
Onset 15-18 (I) and 19-22 (II)
High rate of suicide

Question 12

Cyclothymia stats

Answer 12

0.4% at any given time
Onset between 12-14
May develop into bipolar I or II

Question 13

Rapid Cycling

Answer 13

Transitioning between mania and depression four or more times in a year

Question 14

Mood disorders in older adults

Answer 14

High rates, characterized by health anxiety sleep difficulties and agitation, symptoms often confused with progressive dementia, 50% with Alzheimer’s have comorbid depression

Question 15

Biological causes of mood disorders

Answer 15

Genes (women twice as likely to be influenced by genes), neuroanatomy, neurotransmitters

Question 16

Neuroanatomy and unipolar depression

Answer 16

Reduced blood flow to prefrontal cortex, small hippocampus, lack of production of new neurons, elevated activation of the amygdala

Question 17

Neuroanatomy in bipolar disorders

Answer 17

Small cerebellum and basal ganglia, structural abnormalities in amygdaloid hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

Question 18

Neurotransmitters in unipolar depression

Answer 18

Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 19

Neurotransmitters in bipolar disorder

Answer 19

High levels of norepinephrine and low levels of serotonin

Question 20

Psychological causes of mood disorder

Answer 20

Life stress, negative thinking styles, learned helplessness, overgeneralization, depressive cognitive triad (negative thinking about self, world, future)

Question 21

SSRIs

Answer 21

Most common class of antidepressants, work to block reputable of serotonin, many side effects

Question 22

Mixed reuptake inhibitors

Answer 22

Relatively new class of drugs, work to block the reuptake of multiple neurotransmitters, fewer side effects

Question 23

Tricyclics

Answer 23

Oldest class of antidepressant, unclear how they work, down-regulate norepinephrine, lethal of overdosed, significant side effects

Question 24

MAOIs

Answer 24

Block the MAO enzyme which breaks down neurotransmitters, rarely used only as a last resort

Question 25

Effectiveness of SSRIs

Answer 25

50% it works for
20-30% achieve remission
30-40% don’t respond at all

Question 26

Bipolar medications

Answer 26

Mood stabilizers like lithium carbonate or anticonvulsants for those who don’t respond
Has potentially severe side effects
50% response rate

Question 27

Electroconvulsive therapy

Answer 27

Electric shock is administered to the brain to produce seizures, relatively safe and effective, may cause memory loss and confusion

Question 28

Cognitive Behavioral therapy

Answer 28

Highly structured therapy with the goal of recognizing, identifying, and interrupting negative thinking patterns that cause maladaptive behaviors

Aaron Beck