Models Of Abnormality Flashcards
Equifinality
Similar outcomes stem from a variety of experiences
Model/Paradigm
A set of assumptions and concepts that help and interpret observations
Multifinality
Many outcomes stem from similar early experiences
Structures that make up the brain stem
Medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Brain structures that make up the limbic system
Hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala
The diathesis-stress model
Biological and psychological vulnerability interact with environmental stress to determine how likely a person is to develop a disorder
Unconditional positive regard
Providing a positive, accepting environment for clients in order for them to recover better and learn positive self-regard
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Processes information, commands the body, relays messages, controls reflexes
Peripheral nervous system
Maintains all nerves and and neurons not in the brain and spinal cord
Somatic nervous system
Carries information to voluntary muscles
Autonomic nervous system
Contains all involuntary muscles
Sympathetic nervous system
Mobilizes the fight or flight response
Parasympathetic nervous system
Stimulation of rest and digest, returns the body back to a normal state
Frontal lobe
Functions of reasoning, self control, emotion, regulation, executive functions
Parietal lobe
Integration of sensory signals
Temporal lobe
Functions of memory, auditory processing
Occipital lobe
Integration of visual information
Serotonin
Regulates appetite, sleep/wake cycle, expression of emotion
Associated with regulatory, OCD, and mood disorders
Dopamine
Regulates reward driven behavior, extroversion vs. introversion
Implicated in Parkinson’s and schizophrenia
Norepinephrine
Regulates attention and emotional response
Controls fight or flight response
GABA
Primary inhibitory neurotransmitter
Implicated in anxiety disorders
Humanistic therapy
Emphasizes self awareness, meaning making, and freedom of choice
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
Combination of cognitive and behavioral therapies, most empirically supported treatment
Cognitive distortions
Mind reading, catastrophizing, labeling, discounting the positive, over generalization, all or none thinking, shoulda
Positive reinforcement
Adds a desirable consequence
Negative reinforcement
Removes and undesirable consequence
Positive punishment
Adds an undesirable consequence
Negative punishment
Removes a desirable consequence
Id
Division of the personality that contains life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle
Ego
Logical/rational division of personality which operates in the conscious system and satisfies id urges by the reality principle
Superego
Moral component of personality, sets guidelines and limits the ego
Preconscious
Thoughts feelings memories not consciously aware but may easily be brought forward
Conscious
Thoughts etc that a person is aware of at a given moment
Unconscious
Primary motivating force that never been conscious, contains repressed memories, instincts, desires, etc
Unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus that elicits an unlearned response
Unconditioned response
Response elicited by a UCS
Conditioned stimulus
Neutral stimulus that after paring with a UCS elicits a CR
Conditioned response
Leaned response to a CS after repeated pairing
Neuron
A nerve cell
Synapse
The tiny space between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendrite of another
Neurotransmitter
A chemical that is released by one neuron and crosses the synapse to be received at the receptors on the neighboring neuron
Receptor
A site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter
Hormones
Chemicals released by endocrines in the bloodstream
Genes
Chromosome segments that control the characteristics and traits we inherit
Psychotropic medications
Drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning
Fixation
According to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development
Biological model
Human behavior has a significant biological component
Basal ganglia
Coordination and movement, voluntary movement, cognition
Cerebellum
“Little brain”, associated with balance, fine motor coordination, muscle tone, learning and memory
Defense mechanisms
Aspect of psychoanalytic theory, used by the ego to defend against anxiety and maintain self esteem
Displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, regression, sublimation, denial, intellectualization
Behavioral model
Focus on external and internal behaviors, the importance of learned behaviors
Classical conditioning
An organism learns to associate one stimulus with another
Pavlov
Operant conditioning
Behavior is learned based on rewards and punishment
Shaping
Gradually molding desired behavior by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response
Successive approximation
A series of gradual steps each more similar to the final desired response
Extinction
The weakening and eventual disappearance of the conditioned response as a result of withheld reinforcement
Modeling
Learning behavior via observation and imitation
Systematic desensitization
Step by step treatment designed to gradually change behavioral reactions to phobic stimuli
Cognitive model
Field of study that examines how humans acquire, process, store, and retrieve information
Cognitive therapy
Focuses on developing new, more adaptive ways of thinking
Learned helplessness
When we feel like we lack control we stop trying
Researched by Martin Seligman
Sociocultural model
Abnormal behaviors stem from an individual’s cultural norms, social roles, social labels, expectations, and family structure/communication
Family social treatments
Group therapy, family therapy, couples therapy, community based treatments
