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ENT > Stuffy Nose > Flashcards

Stuffy Nose Flashcards

1
Q

how does histamine affect the nose

A

vasodilates, irritates nerve endings, causes rhinorrhoea

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2
Q

what is ipratropium

A

anticholingeric

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3
Q

what can cause nasal crusting

A

lots of things inc inflammatory conditions and vasculitis

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4
Q

what is halitosis

A

bad breath

mouth gets dry, bacterial overgrowth

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5
Q

what are you looking for in the external nose

A

swellings, deviations

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6
Q

what are the types of rhinitis

A 
infection (viral URTI)
non infective (allergic, non allergic)
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7
Q

where can be itchy in allergic rhinitis

A

nose, eyes, soft palate

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8
Q

what can mouth breathing be a sign of

A

blocked nose, adenoids

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9
Q

what causes intermittent and persisitent allergic rhinitis

A

intermittent (<4 weeks/ <4 days per week)= seasonal (pollen, fungal spores in a/w)

persistent (>4 weeks/ >4 days per week)= house dust mite, cat, dog

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10
Q

what is moderate allergic rhinitis

A

normal sleep

no impact on life or troubling symptoms

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11
Q

what is moderate-severe allergic rhinitis

A

abnormal sleep, impaired life, troublesome symptoms

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12
Q

what will the lining of the nose be like in allergic rhinitis

A

swollen- can appear pink/blue

inflamed and hypertrophied

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13
Q

what is the management for allergic rhinitis

A

allergen avoidance
antihistamines
topical steroids
topcial steroids + antihistamines

immunotherapy
surgery for obstructinon

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14
Q

what conditions is often associated with nasal polyps

A

non allergic asthma

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15
Q

how do you treat nasal polyps

A

oral steroids
topical steroids
surgery

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16
Q

how can you differentiate nasal polyps from conchae

A

nasal polyps have no sensation

17
Q

what are the symptoms of acute infective rhinosinusitis

A

facial pain, discharge, nasal blockage

18
Q

what usually causes acute infective rhinosinusitis

A

viral

is an infection of the paranasal sinuses

19
Q

what is the treatment for acute infective rhinosinusitis

A

analgesics, decongestants

if persisting add antibiotics

20
Q

what are the complications of rhinosinusitis

A

infection spread into orbit, swelling can put pressure on optic nerve, cause blindness
infection spread into cavernous sinus can thrombose an be fatal

21
Q

what are the types of allergic rhinitis

A

intermittent and persistent

22
Q

what are the types of non allergic rhinitis

A 
vasomotor rhinitis (parasympathetic problem)
polyps
23
Q

what is rhinosinusitis

A

infection of the paranasal sinuses

24
Q

what investigations in rhinitis should you not do

A

nasal/ sinus X-rays

25
Q

what is the management for non infective rhinitis

A

allergen/ irritant avoidance
change drug therapy
decrease alcohol

topical nasal steroid
antihistamine
topical anticholingeric

26
Q

what is the management for infective rhinosinusitis

A

nasal decongestant, analgesia

?broad spectrum antibiotic

27
Q

what is the worry is a nasal trauma

A

a septal haematoma - can cause cartilage and nose to later collapse

28
Q

when should a septal haematoma be evacuated

A

same/ next day

29
Q

what are the less common causes of a stuffy nose

A

swollen adenoids
forgein body
mucocele (obstruction of drainage from optic sinus)
tumour in the maxillary sinus

30
Q

what are the signs of a foreign body in the nose

A

smelly nose that keeps getting blocked

31
Q

what are the signs of a maxillary tumour

A

can cause teeth to fall out, pain, swelling, stuffy nose

32
Q

what is the management for a child with a foreign body in their nose

A

refer immediately

33
Q

what is the management for a nasal or paranasal tumour

A

refer immediately

34
Q

what is a complication of acute sinusitis

A

orbital cellulitis

35
Q

what is the management for orbital cellulitis

A

emergency referral (risk of blindness)

ENT (27 decks)

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