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Anatomy- The ear Flashcards

1
Q

what bounds the external ear

A

pinna

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2
Q

what is the pinna formed from

A

neural crest cells

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3
Q

what are the functions of the ear

A

hearing (auditory system, cochlear)

balance (vestibular system, semicircular canals)

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4
Q

which bone holds all the parts of the ear

A

temporal

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5
Q

what nerves exist in the temporal bone

A

CN VIII (vesticulococclear) (stays in bone) and CN VII (facial) (passes through bone)

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6
Q

what is the pterion

A

H shaped structure where frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones join
thinnest part of the skull

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7
Q

what forms the squamous part of the temporal bone

A

1st pharyngeal arch from the neural crest

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8
Q

what do the digastric muscle attach to

A

styloid process

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9
Q

what bone can infection of the middle ear blow out

A

mastoid process

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10
Q

what does the styloid process form from

A

2nd arch

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11
Q

what forms the zygomatic arch

A

zygomatic process of the temporal bone

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12
Q

what can rupture of the pterion cause

A

epidural haematoma

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13
Q

were does the facial nerve exit the temporal bone

A

stylomastoid foramen

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14
Q

what nerves could a pathology in the internal accoustic meatus develop

A

CNs VII and VIII

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15
Q

what nerves come out of the jugular foramen

A

CN 9, 10 and 11

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16
Q

what are the roles of the facial nerve

A 
motor to face 
motor to stapedius 
taste to anterior 2/3rds of tongue 
secretomotor to salivary glands and lacrimal gland
general sensation to external ear
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17
Q

what is the role of the vestibulocochlear nerve

A

balance

hearing

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18
Q

what is the labyrinthine artery

A

branch of anterior inferior cerebellar artery from circle of willis

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19
Q

what is in the internal accoustic meatus

A

CN VII, CN VIII, labyrinthine artery and vein

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20
Q

what is the circle of willis

A

blood supply to the brain and brain stem

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21
Q

everything supplied by the facial nerve is from what pharyngeal arch

A

2nd

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22
Q

what makes up the external ear

A

the auricle to the tympanic membrane (via the external acoustic meatus)

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23
Q

what is the role of the external ear

A

collects and conveys sound waves to the tympanic membrane

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24
Q

what makes up the middle ear

A

tympanic membrane to oval window + eustachian tube (aka auditory tube, pharyngotympanic tube)

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25
what is the role of the middle ear
amplifies and conducts sound waves to the internal ear
26
what makes up the internal ear
oval window to the internal acoustic meatus
27
what is the role of the internal ear
converts special sensory information into fluid waves, then APs then conducts APs to the brain
28
what covers the oval window
the stapes (an ossicle)
29
what does the eustachian tube do
connects the tympanic cavity (middle ear) to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
30
what does the ear cartilage form from
neural crest cells
31
is the external ear vascular
no gets nutrients from the skin
32
what type of cartilage in the external ear
elastic
33
where does the ear canal begin
at the external accoustic meatus
34
what makes up the ear canal
1/3rd cartilage 2/3rds bone | lined with skin
35
what does the ear canal produce
ear wax via ceruminous glands
36
what is the nerve supply to the external ear
outer half= C2,3 spinal nerves and CN VII superior parts of EAM and most of the tympanic membrane= CN V3 inferior parts of EAM and tympanic membrane = vagus facial nerve also does sensation (one of few areas where is does) around the concha of the auricle
37
what is the tragus
external convering of external acoustic meatus
38
where does the lymph from the lateral surface of the superior half of the auricle drain to (infront of the ear)
parotid
39
where does the lymph from the cranial surface of superior half (behind the ear)
mastoid lymph nodes (and deep cervical)
40
where does most of the auricle including the lobe drain its lymph to
superficial cervical lymph nodes
41
where does all lymph from auricle eventually drain to
deep cervical lymph nodes (in carotid sheath) then thoracic duct/ right lymphatic duct at venous angles
42
what is the EAM like in children - what does this mean for an otoscopic exams
short and straight | be careful not to damage the tympanic membrane when pulling auricle posteroinferiorly
43
how and what do you exam in an otoscopic exam
EAM and tympanic membrane straighten EAM (n adults this is curved) gently pull auricle posterosuperiorly
44
what is the umbo
the most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane
45
where is the cone of light normally
directly anteroinferiorly
46
what is the pars tensa
the thick part of the tympanic membrane - posteroinferiorly
47
what is the cone of light a good indicator of
that the part flaccida and pars tensa are in the correct places
48
what is the nerve supply to the tympanic membrane
external surface- mostly CNV3 (auriculotemporal nerve) internal surface CN IX
49
what does the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) provide sensory innervation to
``` middle ear cavity eustachian tube nasopharynx oropharynx tonsils ```
50
what three bones are in the middle ear
malleous incus stapes
51
what 2 muscles are in the middle ear
``` stapedius (facial nerve) tensor tympani (V3) ```
52
what nerves exist in the middle ear
facial nerve | glossopharyngeal
53
where is the epitympanic recess
superior to the tympanic membrane
54
how do auditory ossicles articulate
synovial joints
55
what creates the umbo
handle of the malleus which is adherent to the internal aspect of the tympanic membrane
56
where do the footplates of the stapes fit into
the oval window
57
what is the mastoid antrum
air filled space in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
58
what is the mastoid process
back part of temporal bone
59
what is the chorda tympani and its role
branch of the facial nerve travels through the middle ear between the malleus and incus carries afferent special sensation from the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and parasympathetic secretomotor innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands
60
what innervates the tensor tympani muscle
V3
61
what innervates the stapedius muscle
CN VII
62
what is the aditus
'doorway' into the mastoid antrum from the epitympanic recess
63
what can cause mastoiditis
(inflammation of the mastoid process) | spread of infection from the middle ear cavity
64
what is the ear drum
the tympanic membrane
65
what forms the bone prominence on the medial wall of the tympanic cavity
lateral semicircular canal | cochlear
66
where is the middle ear (tympanic cavity)
in the petrous temporal bone
67
what is the middle ear
in tympanic cavity p- from tympanic membrane to the lateral wall of the inner ear
68
what is the mastoid
portion of temporal bone which contain air filled spaced
69
what are the auditory and pharyngotympanic tubes
other names for the eustachian tube
70
what does the eustachian tube do
connects the anterior wall of the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx
71
what is the nerve supply to the eustachian tube
CN IX | why tonsilitis can mimic earache
72
what is the sensory innervation to the laryngopharynx
mostly from vagus
73
what is the adenoid
the pharyngeal tonsil- a mass of enlarged lymphatic tissue between the back of the nose and the throat
74
why is otitis media (infection of the middle ear) more common in children
as eustachian tube open and short- easier for bacteria/ viruses to spread
75
what is the mixed media of the facial nerve
has four axon types - special sensory - sensory - motor - parasympathetic
76
what is the path of the facial nerve
``` connects to brain stem at pontomedullary junction goes into internal accoustic meatus goes through facial canal gives off chorda tympani branch comes out stylomastoid foramen supplies muscles of facial expression ```
77
what is the role of the facial nerve
motor- muscles of facial expression, digastric, stylohoid, stapedius muscles sensory- around concha of the auricle special sensory- taste to anterior 2/3rds of the tongue parasympathetic- submandibular, sublingual glands, nasal, palatine and pharyngeal mucous glands, lacrimal glands
78
what is the role of the stapedius
reduces stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise
79
what does the chorda tympani go on to connect to
lingual nerve (branch of CN V3)
80
where does CN V3 leave the base of the skull
foramen ovale
81
what supplies the sublingual salivary gland
CN VII
82
where do the muscles of facial expression originate and insert
originate on bone, insert into superficial fascia
83
how do you test the muscles of facial expression (and therefore motor function of CN VII)
frown- frontalis close eyes tightly- orbicularis oculi smile- elevators maintain puffed out cheeks (can hold in air when you tap cheeks)- orbicularis oris
84
what gives the appearance of sunken cheeks
loss of the buccal fat pad
85
what is the vermillion border
border of the lips
86
where is the inner ear
in petrous part of the temporal bone
87
what are the two parts of CN VIII
vestibulocochlear cochlear nerve- hearing vestibular nerve- balance
88
what is in the otic capsule
bone labyrinth- fluid (perilymph) filled spaces
89
what is suspended within the perilymph of the bony labyrinth
membranous labyrinth- communicating sacs and ducts | contains endolymph fluid
90
how many semicircular canals are there and what are they called
3 superior lateral posterior
91
what is perilymph
fluid that fills the bony labyrinth- floats the membranous labyrinth
92
what is the cupula
the apex of the spinal (cochlear)
93
hoe many turns does the cochlear have
2.5
94
what does the perilymph communicate with
central nervous system
95
what is the cochlear duct
long balloon structure within the cochlear filled with endolymph
96
what conducts AP from the cochlear to the brain stem
the cochlear nerve
97
what are the semicircular ducts filled with
endolymph
98
what conducts APs from the semicircular ducts to the brainstem
the vestibular nerve
99
where is the cochlear nerve
in the cochlear duct
100
what is the organ of corti
receptor organ for hearing within the cochlear
101
what stimulates hair cells in the vestibular apparatus
movement of endolymph
102
what are maculae
regions of clusters of hair cells in the vestibular apparatus
103
what do the semicircular ducts detect
angular movement change
104
what do the utricle and saccule detect
linear movement changes - utricle= horizontal - saccule= vertical
105
describe the path of sound transmission within the inner ear
sound waves make the tympanic membrane vibrate vibrations transmitted through ossicles base of stapes vibrates in oval window hair cells in the cochlear are moved AP stimulated and conveyed to brain by cochlear nerve pressure eaves descend and become vibrations again pressure waves dampened at the round window
106
what is the function of the round window
to dissipate the forces created through the oval window
107
what in the cochlear detects auditory stimuli
receptor cells in the organ of corti
108
where is the organ of corti
basilar membrane of the cochlear duct
109
what suspends the cochlear duct
spiral ligament
110
what does the cochlear duct divide the cochlear canal into
``` scala vestibuli (sound in) scala tympani (sound out) ```
111
which nerves connect with the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction
CN VII and CN VIII
112
what is the pontomedullary junction between
pons and medulla oblongata
113
what is the path of CN VIII
two types of fibres join in the pons exits the cranium via the internal acoustic meatus splits to go to either cochlear (cochlear nerve axons) or vestibular aparatus (vestibular nerve axons)

ENT (27 decks)

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