Study Guide - Vocabulary Recall Flashcards
The process created to produce internalized experiences to support or enhance exercise participation
Exercise Imagery
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Proteins
A group of diseases in which blood vessels become restricted or blocked, typically as a result of atherosclerosis
Peripheral Vascular Disease
A decrease in the calcification or density of bone as well as reduced bone mass
Osteopenia
Any of the various types of malignant neoplasms, most of which invade surrounding tissues, may metastasize to several sites, and are likely to reoccur after attempted removal and to cause death of patient unless adequately treated
Cancer
A purposeful system or plan put together to help an individual achieve a specific goal
Program Design
The speed at which each repetition is performed
Repetition Tempo
The specific outline, created by a fitness professional to meet a client’s goals, that details the form of training, length of time, future changes, and specified exercises to perform
Training Plan
The initial reaction to a stressor
Alarm Reaction
Principle that states the body will adapt to the specific demands that are placed on it; aka, the specific adaptation to imposed demands (SAID principle)
Principle of Specificity
The ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome an external load
Strength
The ability to move the body in one intended direction as fast as possible
Speed
The ability to accelerate, decelerate, stabilize, and change direction quickly while maintaining proper posture
Agility
When the body is in equilibrium and stationary meaning no linear or angular movement
Balance
The difference between resting and maximal oxygen consumption
Oxygen Uptake Reserve (VO2R)
Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in fatigue (which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery)
Overtraining
The number of training sessions in a given timeframe
Frequency
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
Appendicular Skeleton
Mechanoreceptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
Joint Receptors
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord
Central Nervous System
The process of passively taking a muscle to the point of tension and holding the stretch for a minimum of 30 seconds
Static Stretching
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information after interpretation
Motor Function
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
Neurotransmitters
The connective tissue that surround fascicles
Perimysium
Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement; produce a kind of fluid to lubricate joints
Synovial Joints
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
Medullar Cavity
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production; one of the primary sites for bone growth
Epiphysis
An unstable (yet controllable) physical situation in which exercises are performed that cause the body to use its internal balance and stabilization mechanisms
Proprioceptively Enriched Environment
Smaller division of training progressions that fall within the building blocks of training
Phases of Training
Ability of muscles to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time
Rate of Force Production
A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; often termed the pace-maker of the heart
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
The rate at which the heart pumps; measured in beats per minute (bpm)
Heart Rate (HR)
The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of chemicals and water between the blood and body tissues
Capillaries
Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration
Respiratory Pump
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
Biomechanics
On the front of the body
Anterior
On the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves
Frontal Plane
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
Internal Rotation
The simultaneous contraction of one muscle and the relaxation of its antagonist to allow movement to take place
Reciprocal Inhibition
Capability to be elongated or stretched
Extensibility
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as amino acids
Gluconeogenesis
The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiological changes and demands placed on the body
Exercise Metabolism
The cooperation of the nervous system and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement
Sensorimotor Integration
Motor response to internal and external stimuli
Motor Behavior
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle
Concentric Muscle Action
Downward (inferior) movement of the scapulae
Scapular Depression
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements
Motor Learning
A force that produces rotation–common unit is the newton meter (Nm)
Torque
A condition characterized by the narrowing of the major arteries that are responsible for supplying blood to the lower extremities
Peripheral Arterial Disease
The neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when appropriate muscles take over the function of a weak or inhibited prime mover
Synergistic Dominance
Alternation of muscle length surrounding a joint
Muscle Imbalance
Adduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline
Scapular Retraction
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion
Isokinetic Muscle Action
The material or substance on which an enzyme acts
Substrates
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
Feedback
How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
Motor Control
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segment increases
Extension
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
Transverse Plane
The concept of muscle inhibition caused by a tight agonist, which inhibits its functional antagonist
Altered Reciprocal Inhibition
The combination of flexibility and the nervous system’s ability to control this range of motion efficiently
Dynamic Range of Motion
Energy storage and transfer unit within cells of the body
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The shaft portion of the long bone
Diaphysis
Set of two exercises that are performed back to back without any rest time betwen them
Superset
Cholesterol and triglycerides carried in the bloodstream by protein molecules known as the high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins
Blood Lipids
The ability of the neuromuscular system to enable all muscles to efficiently work together in all planes of motion
Neuromuscular Activity
The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest except the lungs
Mediastinum
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
Stroke Volume
Vessels that transport blood away from the heart
Arteries
A system of organs (the lungs and respiratory passageways) that collects oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the bloodstream
Respiratory System
The highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion
Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max)
Positioned farthest from the center of the body or point of reference
Distal
Positioned on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
States that soft tissue models along the lines of stress
Davi’s Law
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and movement
Proprioception
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
Human Movement System
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
Tendons
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, capsule, connective tissue, or cartilage
Non-Synovial Joints
Cartilage that covers the articular surface of the bones
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage
Build-up of fatty plaques in arteries that leads to narrowing and reduced blood flow
Artherosclerosis
The common unit of expression of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram or liter of water by one degree celcius
Calorie (uppercase C)
The process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and repair of tissues
Nutrition
a maneuver in which a person tries to exhale forcibly with closed glottis (windpipe) so that no air exits through the mouth or nose, for example, in lifting a heavy weight; impeded the return of venous blood to the heart
Valsalva Maneuver
Arthritis primarily affecting connective tissues, in which there is a thickening of articular soft tissue, and extension of synovial tissue over articular cartilages that have become eroded
Rheumatoid Arthritis
An individual’s levels of effort compared with their maximal effort which is usually expressed as a percentage
Training Intensity
The process of choosing appropriate exercises for a client’s program
Exercise Selection
A term used to describe how the body responds and adapts to stress
General Adaptation Syndrome
Division of a training program into smaller, progressive stages
Periodization
The ability to produce and maintain force production for prolonged periods of time
Muscular Endurance
Performing all sets of an exercise or body part before moving on to the next exercises or body part
Horizontal Loading
Proper alignment of the rear leg and pelvis during sprinting, which includes ankle plantar flexion, knee extension, hip extension, and neutral pelvis
Backside Mechanics
To move with efficiency forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically)
Integrated Performance Paradigm
Occurs when you have contracted both the abdominal, lower back, and buttock muscles at the same time
Bracing
The amount of pleasure derived from performing a physical activity
Enjoyment
Low-Intensity exercises consisting of movements that mimic those that will be included in the more intense exercise that is to follow
Specific Warm-Up
The process of resorption and formation of bone
Remodeling
The body’s framework; composed of bones and joints
Skeletal System
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
Peripheral Nervous System
