Study Guide - Vocabulary Recall Flashcards
The process created to produce internalized experiences to support or enhance exercise participation
Exercise Imagery
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Proteins
A group of diseases in which blood vessels become restricted or blocked, typically as a result of atherosclerosis
Peripheral Vascular Disease
A decrease in the calcification or density of bone as well as reduced bone mass
Osteopenia
Any of the various types of malignant neoplasms, most of which invade surrounding tissues, may metastasize to several sites, and are likely to reoccur after attempted removal and to cause death of patient unless adequately treated
Cancer
A purposeful system or plan put together to help an individual achieve a specific goal
Program Design
The speed at which each repetition is performed
Repetition Tempo
The specific outline, created by a fitness professional to meet a client’s goals, that details the form of training, length of time, future changes, and specified exercises to perform
Training Plan
The initial reaction to a stressor
Alarm Reaction
Principle that states the body will adapt to the specific demands that are placed on it; aka, the specific adaptation to imposed demands (SAID principle)
Principle of Specificity
The ability of the neuromuscular system to produce internal tension to overcome an external load
Strength
The ability to move the body in one intended direction as fast as possible
Speed
The ability to accelerate, decelerate, stabilize, and change direction quickly while maintaining proper posture
Agility
When the body is in equilibrium and stationary meaning no linear or angular movement
Balance
The difference between resting and maximal oxygen consumption
Oxygen Uptake Reserve (VO2R)
Excessive frequency, volume, or intensity of training, resulting in fatigue (which is also caused by a lack of proper rest and recovery)
Overtraining
The number of training sessions in a given timeframe
Frequency
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities
Appendicular Skeleton
Mechanoreceptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint
Joint Receptors
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord
Central Nervous System
The process of passively taking a muscle to the point of tension and holding the stretch for a minimum of 30 seconds
Static Stretching
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information after interpretation
Motor Function
Chemical messengers that cross the neuromuscular junction (synapse) to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
Neurotransmitters
The connective tissue that surround fascicles
Perimysium
Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement; produce a kind of fluid to lubricate joints
Synovial Joints
The central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored
Medullar Cavity
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production; one of the primary sites for bone growth
Epiphysis
An unstable (yet controllable) physical situation in which exercises are performed that cause the body to use its internal balance and stabilization mechanisms
Proprioceptively Enriched Environment
Smaller division of training progressions that fall within the building blocks of training
Phases of Training
Ability of muscles to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time
Rate of Force Production
A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; often termed the pace-maker of the heart
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
The rate at which the heart pumps; measured in beats per minute (bpm)
Heart Rate (HR)
The smallest blood vessels and the site of exchange of chemicals and water between the blood and body tissues
Capillaries
Composed of skeletal structures (bones) and soft tissues (muscles) that work together to allow proper respiratory mechanics to occur and help pump blood back to the heart during inspiration
Respiratory Pump
The science concerned with the internal and external forces acting on the human body and the effects produced by these forces
Biomechanics
On the front of the body
Anterior
On the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into front and back halves
Frontal Plane
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body
Internal Rotation
The simultaneous contraction of one muscle and the relaxation of its antagonist to allow movement to take place
Reciprocal Inhibition
Capability to be elongated or stretched
Extensibility
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources such as amino acids
Gluconeogenesis
The examination of bioenergetics as it relates to the unique physiological changes and demands placed on the body
Exercise Metabolism
The cooperation of the nervous system and muscular system in gathering and interpreting information and executing movement
Sensorimotor Integration
Motor response to internal and external stimuli
Motor Behavior
When a muscle is exerting force greater than the resistive force, resulting in shortening of the muscle
Concentric Muscle Action
Downward (inferior) movement of the scapulae
Scapular Depression
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements
Motor Learning
A force that produces rotation–common unit is the newton meter (Nm)
Torque
A condition characterized by the narrowing of the major arteries that are responsible for supplying blood to the lower extremities
Peripheral Arterial Disease
The neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when appropriate muscles take over the function of a weak or inhibited prime mover
Synergistic Dominance
Alternation of muscle length surrounding a joint
Muscle Imbalance
Adduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move toward the midline
Scapular Retraction
When a muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion
Isokinetic Muscle Action
The material or substance on which an enzyme acts
Substrates
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
Feedback
How the CNS integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response
Motor Control
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segment increases
Extension
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
Transverse Plane
The concept of muscle inhibition caused by a tight agonist, which inhibits its functional antagonist
Altered Reciprocal Inhibition
The combination of flexibility and the nervous system’s ability to control this range of motion efficiently
Dynamic Range of Motion
Energy storage and transfer unit within cells of the body
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
The shaft portion of the long bone
Diaphysis
Set of two exercises that are performed back to back without any rest time betwen them
Superset
Cholesterol and triglycerides carried in the bloodstream by protein molecules known as the high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and low-density lipoproteins
Blood Lipids
The ability of the neuromuscular system to enable all muscles to efficiently work together in all planes of motion
Neuromuscular Activity
The space in the chest between the lungs that contains all the internal organs of the chest except the lungs
Mediastinum
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction
Stroke Volume
Vessels that transport blood away from the heart
Arteries
A system of organs (the lungs and respiratory passageways) that collects oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the bloodstream
Respiratory System
The highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal physical exertion
Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max)
Positioned farthest from the center of the body or point of reference
Distal
Positioned on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
States that soft tissue models along the lines of stress
Davi’s Law
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and movement
Proprioception
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems
Human Movement System
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force
Tendons
Joints that do not have a joint cavity, capsule, connective tissue, or cartilage
Non-Synovial Joints
Cartilage that covers the articular surface of the bones
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage
Build-up of fatty plaques in arteries that leads to narrowing and reduced blood flow
Artherosclerosis
The common unit of expression of energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram or liter of water by one degree celcius
Calorie (uppercase C)
The process by which a living organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and repair of tissues
Nutrition
a maneuver in which a person tries to exhale forcibly with closed glottis (windpipe) so that no air exits through the mouth or nose, for example, in lifting a heavy weight; impeded the return of venous blood to the heart
Valsalva Maneuver
Arthritis primarily affecting connective tissues, in which there is a thickening of articular soft tissue, and extension of synovial tissue over articular cartilages that have become eroded
Rheumatoid Arthritis
An individual’s levels of effort compared with their maximal effort which is usually expressed as a percentage
Training Intensity
The process of choosing appropriate exercises for a client’s program
Exercise Selection
A term used to describe how the body responds and adapts to stress
General Adaptation Syndrome
Division of a training program into smaller, progressive stages
Periodization
The ability to produce and maintain force production for prolonged periods of time
Muscular Endurance
Performing all sets of an exercise or body part before moving on to the next exercises or body part
Horizontal Loading
Proper alignment of the rear leg and pelvis during sprinting, which includes ankle plantar flexion, knee extension, hip extension, and neutral pelvis
Backside Mechanics
To move with efficiency forces must be dampened (eccentrically), stabilized (isometrically), and then accelerated (concentrically)
Integrated Performance Paradigm
Occurs when you have contracted both the abdominal, lower back, and buttock muscles at the same time
Bracing
The amount of pleasure derived from performing a physical activity
Enjoyment
Low-Intensity exercises consisting of movements that mimic those that will be included in the more intense exercise that is to follow
Specific Warm-Up
The process of resorption and formation of bone
Remodeling
The body’s framework; composed of bones and joints
Skeletal System
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
Peripheral Nervous System
An influence applied by one object to another, which results in an acceleration or deceleration of the second object
Force
All o the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain itself. Metabolism is the process in which nutrients are acquired, transported, used, and disposed of by the body
Metabolism
A general term that refers to hardening (and loss of elasticity of arteries)
Arteriosclerosis
Consistently elevated arterial blood pressure which, if sustained at high enough levels, is likely to induce cardiovascular or end-organ damage
Hypertension
Arthritis in which cartilage becomes soft, frayed, or thins out as a result of trauma or other conditions
Osteoarthritis
The manifestation of symptoms caused by peripheral arterial disease
Intermittent Claudication
A group of consecutive repetitions
Set
The timeframe of a workout or the length of time spent in one phase of training
Training Duration
Training plan of specific workouts that span one week and shows which exercises are required each day of the week; aka microcycle
Weekly Plan
Prolonged stress or stress that is intolerable and will produce exhaustion or distress to the system
Exhaustion
Refers to the energy demand placed on the body
Metabolic Specificity
Alternating body parts trained from set to set, starting from the upper extremity and moving into the lower extremity
Vertical Loading
Proper alignment of the lead leg and pelvis during sprinting, which includes ankle dorsiflexion, knee flexion, and a neutral pelvis
Frontside Mechanics
Exercises that generate quick, powerful movement involving an explosive concentric muscle contraction preceded by an eccentric muscle action
Plyometric Training
A maneuver used to recruit the local stabilizers by drawing the navel in toward the spine
Drawing-In Maneuver
The type or mode of physical activity. in which an individual is engaged
Type
Low-Intensity exercise consisting of movements that do not necessarily relate to the more intense exercise that is to follow
General Warm-Up
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue (resorption)
Osteoclasts
Structures that provide the resting ground ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
Bones
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
Mechanoreceptors
Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord
Sensory (Afferent) Neurons
The functional unit of the nervous system
Neuron
The communication network within the human body
Nervous System
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments
Sacromere
Fibrous tissue that connects bones together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement
Ligaments
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
Processes
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis where growth in the length of the diaphysis occurs; the growth plate
Epiphyseal Plate
The condition of being considerably overweight, referring to a person with a body mass index of 30 or more, or who is at least 30 pounds over the recommended weight for their height
Obesity
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement
Proprioception
A muscle’s ability to contract for an extended period of time
Muscular Endurance
A hollow muscular organ that pumps a circulation of blood through the body by means of rhythmic contraction
Heart
The inferior chambers of the heart that receive blood from the corresponding atrium and force it into the arteries
Ventricle
Network of hollow tubes that circulates blood throughout the body
Blood Vessels
The smaller veins that connect capillaries to the larger veins
Venules
The process of getting oxygen from the environment to the tissues of the body
Diffusion
Positioned nearest the center of the body or point of reference
Proximal
Positioned toward the outside of the body
Lateral
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases
Flexion
A movement in the frontal plane toward the midline of the body
Adduction
Altered forces at the joint that result in abnormal muscular activity and impaired neuromuscular communication at the joint
Arthrokinematic Dysfunction
The ability of the neuromuscular system to allow agonists, antagonists, and stabilizers to work synergistically to produce, reduce, and dynamically stabilize the entire kinetic chain in all three planes of motion
Neuromuscular Efficiency
A high-energy compound occuring in all cells from which ATP is formed
Adenosine Diphosphate
A simple sugar manufactured by the body from carbohydrates, fat, and to a lesser extent protein; it serves as the body’s main source of fuel
Glucose
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment
Internal Feedback
The change in motor skills behavior overtime throughout the lifespan
Motor Development
The resting length of a muscle and the tension the muscle can produce at this resting length
Length-Tension Relationship
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
Horizontal Abduction
When a muscle is exerting force equal to the force being placed on it; leading to no visible change in muscle length
Isometric Muscle Action
Organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which include starches, cellulose, and sugars, and are important source of energy. All carbohydrates are eventually broken down in the body to glucose, a simple sugar
Carbohydrates
The motions of joints in the body
Arthrokinematics
The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celcius
Calorie (lowercase c)
A group of compounds that includes triglycerides (fats and oils) phospholipids and steroids
Lipid
Chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency which impairs carbohydrate usage and enhances usage of fat and protein
Diabetes
Chronic inflammation of the joints
Arthritis
The condition of altered airflow through the lungs, general caused by airway obstruction as a result of mucus production
Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
One complete movement of a single exercise
Repetition
Amount of physical training performed within a specific period (usually one week)
Training Volume
Generalized training plan that spans one month and shows which phase will be required each day of the week; aka mesocycle
Monthly Plan
The body increases its functional capacity to adapt to a stressor
Resistance Development
Refers to the weight and movements placed on the body
Mechanical Specificity
Ability of the neuromuscular system to produce the greatest force in the shortest amount of time
Power
The distance covered with each stride
Stride Length
Ability of muscles to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time
Rate of Force Production
The structures that make up the LPHC including the lumbar spine, the pelvic girdle, abdomen, and the hip joint
Core
The length of time on an individual is engaged in a given acitivity
Time
Cardiorespiratory training programs that systemically progress clients through various stages to achieve optimal levels of physiological, physical, and performance adaptation by placing stress on the cardiorespiratory system
Integrated Cardiorespiratory Training
The highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization achieved at maximal exertion
Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2max)
Junctions of bones and connective tissues, where muscles cause movement to occur
Joints
Mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate of that change
Muscle Spindles
Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites
Motor (Efferent) Neurons
The active extension of a muscle, using force production and momentum to move the joint through a full available range of motion
Dynamic Stretching
The ability for the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment
Sensory Function
The contraction of a muscle generated by nerual stimulation
Neural Activation
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton
Muscular System
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord
Vertebral Column
Flattened or indented portions of bone which can be muscle attachment sites
Depresisons
Alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint
Muscle Imbalance
Chronic metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency which imparis carbohydrate usage and enhances uses of fats and proteins
Diabetes Mellitus
The muscle that acts as the initial and main source of motive power
Prime Mover
A system of the body composed of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Cardiorespiratory System
The superior chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins and force it into ventricles
Atrium
Fluid that circulates in the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins; carries nutrients and oxygen to all parts of the body and also rids the body of waste products
Blood
Small terminal branches of an artery which end in capillaries
Arterioles
The process of actively or passively relaxing the inspiratory muscles to move air out of the body
Expiration
Positioned below a point of reference
Inferior
Positioned near the middle of the body
Medial
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into left and right halves
Sagittal Plane
A movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Abduction
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body
External Rotation
Predictable patterns of muscle imbalance
Postural Distortion Patterns
The breakdown of triglycerides into smaller subunits, called free fatty acids (FFAs) to convert FFAs into acyl-CoA molecules, which are then available to enter the Krebs cycle and ultimately lead to the production of additional ATP
B-oxidation
The complex carbohydrate molecule used to store carbohydrates in the liver and muscle cells, when energy is needed, glycogen is converted into glucose for use by the muscle cells
Glycogen
Information provided by some external source, such as a fitness professional, video, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement feedback from the internal environment
External Feedback
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the CNS to provide movement
Muscle Synergies
Muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint
Force-Couple
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior one
Horizontal Adduction
When a muscle develops tension lengthening; resistive force is greater than muscular force
Eccentric Muscle Action
One of the three main classes of foods and a source of energy in the body. Fats help the body use some vitamins and keep skin healthy. They also serve as energy stores for the body. In foods there are two types of fats, saturated and unsaturated
Fat
The normal extensibility of all soft tissues that allows the full range of motion of a joint
Flexibility
Amino acids linked by peptide bonds which consists of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and usually sulfur and that have several essential biological compounds
Protein
A substance that completes or makes an addition to daily dietary intake
Dietary Supplement
Neutral compound of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (such as sugars, starches, and celluloses) which make up a large portion of animal foods
Carbohydrates
The condition of subcutaneous fat exceeding the amount of lean body mass
Obesity
Condition in which there is a decrease in bone mass and density as well as an increase in the space between bones, resulting in porosity and fragility
Osteoporosis
The condition of fibrous lung tissue, which results in a decreased ability to expand the lungs
Restrictive Lung Disease
Important components that specify how each exercise is performed
Acute variable
The time taken to recuperate between sets
Rest Interval
Generalized training plan that spans one year to show when the client will progress between phases; aka macrocycle
Annual Plan
Pain or discomfort often felt 24 to 72 hours after intense exercise or unaccustomed physical activity
Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
Refers to the speed of contraction and exercise selection
Neuromuscular Specificity
Enlargement of skeletal muscle fibers in response to overcoming force from high volumes of tension
Muscular Hypertrophy
The number of strides taken in a given amount of time (or distance)
Stride Rate
The ability to react and change body positions with maximal rate of force production, in all planes of motion and from all body positions, during functional activities
Quickness
The ability to move and change direction under various conditions without falling
Dynamic Balance
The point during graded exercise in which ventilation increase disproportionately to oxygen uptake, signifying a switch from predominantly aerobic energy production to anaerobic energy production
Ventilatory Threshold (Tvent)
The ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen-rich blood to skeletal muscles during during sustained physical activities
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
The level of demand that a given activity placed on the body
Intensity
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
Axial Skeleton
Mechanoreceptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscles and the rate of change
Golgi Tendon Organs
Neurons that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Interneurons
The process of using agonists and synergists to dynamically move the joint into a range of motion
Active-Isolated Stretching
The ability of the nervous system to analyze sensory information and produce the appropriate response
Integrative Function
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it connects to
Motor Unit
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle
Epimysium
Joint motion
Arthorokinematics
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps all bone except the articulating surfaces in joints
Periosteum
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation
Osteoblasts
A person with a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 or who is 25 to 30 pounds over the recommended weight for their height
Overweight
A state of lost physical fitness which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and a lack of core and joint stability
Deconditioned
A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels
Cardiovascular System
A small mass of specialized cardiac muscle fibers, located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart, that receives heartbeat impulses from the sinoatrial node and directs them to the walls of the ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
Heart rate x stroke volume, the overall performance of the heart
Cardiac Output (Q)
Vessels that transport blood from the capillaries toward the heart
Veins
The process of actively contracting the inspiratory muscles to move air into the body
Inspiration
Positioned above a point of reference
Superior
On the back of the body
Posterior
The position with the body erect, the arms at the sides, and the palms facing forward. It is the base for all anatomic terminology
Anatomic Position
Extension of a joint beyond the normal limit or range of motion
Hyperextension
Consistently repeating the same pattern of motion which may place abnormal stresses on the body
Pattern Overload
The tendency for the body to seek the path of least resistance during functional movement patters
Relative Flexibility
The state in which the body’s metabolism is elevated after exercise
Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
The chemical, or substrate form in which most fats exist in food as well as the body
Triglcerides
The study of energy in the human body
Bioenergetics
The cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movement
Proprioception
Movement of the bones around joints
Rotary Motion
Abduction of the scapulae; shoulder blades move away from the midline
Scapular Protraction
Upward (superior) movement of the scapulae
Scapular Elevation
The process by which neural are greater than the impulses that cause muscles to contract, providing an inhibitory effect to the muscle spindles
Autogenic Inhibition
The scientific unit of expression of energy equal to 1000 calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram or liter of water by one degree celsius
Kilocalorie
