study guide page 3

Question 1

_______ is the growth by cells increasing in size and hyperplasia is the growth by increasing the number of cells.

Answer 1

Hypertrophy

Question 2

A bundle of neuron ____ in the peripheral nervous system is called nerve and a grouping of nerve ____ in the peripheral nervous system is called ganglion.

Answer 2

axons

cell bodies

Question 3

The trachea is made of ____ and ____ cells.

Answer 3

mucous

ciliated

Question 4

Lidocaine is ______ which blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels.

Answer 4

Local Anesthetic

Question 5

Poikilotherms are also known as ______

Answer 5

Ectotherms.

Question 6

______ is the method of heat transfer used when an elephant fans hot day.
its ears on a hot day

Answer 6

Thermal Radiation

Question 7

The _____ in the horse is where majority of microbial digestion occurs

Answer 7

cecum

Question 8

The two water-soluble vitamins are _____

Answer 8

B & C

Question 9

_______ active transport relies on a gradient and does not use ATP directly.

Answer 9

Secondary

Question 10

The plasma membrane of a cell is primarily composed of a ______

Answer 10

phospholipid bilayer.

Question 11

______ is the sum all of chemical reactions happening in an animal

Answer 11

Metabolism

Question 12

The ______ the concentration gradient the faster the speed of diffusion.

Answer 12

bigger

Question 13

______ is made up of the chemical, mechanical, and enzymatic processes that convert feed ingredients into particles that can be absorbed.

Answer 13

Digestion

Question 14

______ is the movement of heat due to air or water currents.

Answer 14

Convection

Question 15

________ is an enzyme that is not present in the saliva of carnivores.

Answer 15

Salivary amylase

Question 16

The proventriculus in avian digestive tract is similar to the _______ in non-ruminant mammalian digestive tract.

Answer 16

stomach

Question 17

The small intestine has structures called ______, which increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.

Answer 17

villi

Question 18

During digestion, small intestine motility is primarily _________, which moves digesta for short distances, followed by cycles of segmentation contractions.

Answer 18

peristalsis,

Question 19

Cows, goats and sheep are examples of foregut ______

Answer 19

fermenters

Question 20

In ruminants, saliva has important roles – it acts as a _____ in the rumen to maintain the desired pH; it provides fluid to the rumen; and it also contains ____, which is a source of nitrogen for microbial protein synthesis

Answer 20

buffer

urea

Question 21

Ruminal anaerobic fermentation produces gases such as methane, CO2 and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Methane and CO2 are lost through a process called ______

Answer 21

eructation.

Question 22

Ruminants have the ability of digesting cellulose, which contains _____ linkages of glucose.

Answer 22

β[1-4]

Question 23

Rumen motility has two sets of contractions: primary contractions – ____the digesta, separate by size; and secondary contractions – ______ (gas release).

Answer 23

mixing

eructation

Question 24

The autonomic nervous system (visceral) can be subdivided into ____, _____, and _____

Answer 24

parasympathetic, sympathetic and enteric nervous system.

Question 25

Resting membrane potential is -65 mV. Something that _______ the membrane makes the membrane potential greater than -65 mV.

Answer 25

depolarizes

Question 26

The factors that influence the speed of action potential are ______, ______, and _______

Answer 26

axon diameter, temperature and myelination.

Question 27

Ionotropic synapses have ______ as receptors, while metabotropic synapses have ______ receptors.

Answer 27

ligand-gated channels

G Protein-coupled

Question 28

Motor neuron release of _______ leads to depolarization of muscle fiber membrane.

Answer 28

Acetylcholine

Question 29

The stomach contains 2 sphincters: The _____ and the pyloric sphincter.

Answer 29

cardiac

Question 30

Ruminant foreguts include the esophagus, rumen, ______, omasum and abomasum.

Answer 30

reticulum,

Question 31

The method of heat transfer that can only result in a loss of heat is ______

Answer 31

evaporation.

Question 32

_______ is the main propulsive motility pattern in the GIT.

Answer 32

Peristalsis

Question 33

A common local anesthetic that blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels is called ______

Answer 33

Lidocaine.

Question 34

Metabotropic synapses have G-coupled protein receptors where as ______ synapses have ligand gated channel receptors.

Answer 34

Ionotropic

Question 35

______ is the layer of connective tissue surrounding individual muscle fibers

Answer 35

Endomysium

Question 36

_________ acid is the VFA produced in the largest amounts in the rumen

Answer 36

Acetate/Acetic

Question 37

Action potentials originate at the axon ______

Answer 37

hillock

Question 38

A _____ is a group of specialized cells.

Answer 38

Tissue

Question 39

There is a ______ relationship between speed of locomotion and walking/running.

Answer 39

linear

Question 40

______ is another name for the cell body and is responsible for the integration of incoming messages and determination of responses.

Answer 40

Stoma