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animal physioligy > digestion > Flashcards

digestion Flashcards

1
Q

macroutirents (6)

A

carbohydrate starch, carbohydrate fiber, carbohydrate disaccharide’s, carbohydrate monosacchaarides, fats, protein

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2
Q

carbohydrate starch

A

found in feral grains (oats, corn, wheat, barely)

broken down by glucose

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3
Q

carbohydrate fiber

A

found in hay and pasture

broken down by volatile fatty acids

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4
Q

carbohydrate disaccharides

A

found in milk (lactose) and in sweetened products (sucrose)

broken down by individual monosaccharides

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5
Q

carbohydrate monosaccharides

A

found in molasses (glucose)

broken down by individual monosaccharides (NO FURTHER DIGESTION NEEDED)

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6
Q

fats (lipids)

A

found in oils/animal fats

broken down by fatty acids

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7
Q

protein

A

found in oilseeds meals (soybean meal) and animal products (meat)
broken down by amino acids (and di and tri peptides)

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8
Q

other nutrients (3 main categories)

A

water
vitamins (fat and water soluble)
minerals (macro and micro)

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9
Q

what are the fat soluble vitamins

A

vitamin A,D,E,K

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10
Q

what are the water soluble vitamins

A

B vitamins, Vitamin C

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11
Q

what are the macro-minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, sulfur

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12
Q

what are the main micro-minerals

A

iron, zinc, selenium, copper

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13
Q

what are the accessory organ to the digestive tract?

A

salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

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14
Q

vertebrates have 4 segments to the GI tract, what are they?

A

1) head gut - lips, mouth, tongue, pharynx
2) foregut - esophagus, stomach, (crop, gizzard, proventriclus, rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum)
3) midgut- small intestine
4) hindgut - large intestine

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15
Q

organs in the mouth

A

lips
buccal cavity
teeth
tongue

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16
Q

organs in a birds mouth

A

beak
buccal cavity
tongue

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17
Q

what creats a bolus formation

A

mastication

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18
Q

what are the three pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid

(sub) lingual
(sub) mandibular

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19
Q

parotid gland secretes

A

serous only

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20
Q

(sub)lingual glands secretes

A

mostly mucous, some serous

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21
Q

(sub)mandibular glands secretes

A

both mucous and serous

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22
Q

2 main types of endothelial acinar cells

A

serous - watery secreation (enzymes, ions) no muccos

muccous - muccous secreations

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23
Q

composition of saliva

A

water
enzymes of saliva
electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, HCO3-)
muccous

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24
Q

enzymes in saliva

A
  • salivary amylase (not in carnivores) (starch digesting)
  • lingual lipase (generally only in young, milk-fed animals)
  • lysozyme (antibacterial properties)
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25
salvia secretion is controlled by what?
the autonomic nervous system | -stimuli for release (chewing, stimulation of taste buds, anticipation of eating)
26
what is the pharynx
common passage for food and air
27
forgut - non ruminants
- esophagus stratefeild squamous epitheal movement of food - stomach cardiac and phyloric sphincters acid and enzyme (pepsiongen) secretion hormone release
28
foregut - avian
-esophagus -crop storage (not in all birds) -proventriculus acid and enzyme secretions -gizzard muscular stomach grit site of acid digestion
29
stomach is divided into several regions, what are they?
non-glandualr and glandular -glandular (cardiac muccosa, parietal muccosa, and pyloric muccosa)
30
what lines the glandular areas of the stomach?
gastric pits (produce secreations)
31
what does the gastric cardiac gland secrete?
muccous only
32
what does the gastric parietal gland secrete?
mucous - HCL - Pepsinogens (both HCL and this aid in protein digestion)
33
what does the gastric pyloric gland secrete?
mucous gastrin (G cells) pepsinogens (pepsinogens + HCL = pepsin)
34
what are the three phases of gastric acid secretion?
1. cephallic phase ( neural ) 2. gastric phase (neural + endorcrine ) 3. intestinal phase (neural + endorcrine)
35
gastric acid secretion - cephallic phase
anticipation of eating 1) parasympathetic nervous system activates the ENS and G-cells (gastrin) and parietal cells (HCL) are activated 2) gastrin binds to parietal cells = high HCL production
36
gastric acid secretion - gastric phase
digesta in stomach 1) dissension activates ENS and specialized cells histamine 2) histamine binds parietal cells = increase HCL production 3) maximum stimuli for HCL release = histamine + gastrin + ENS
37
gastric acid secretion - intestinal phase
digesta in Small Intestine 1) ENS neurons inhabit acid release 2) intestional endocrine factors (CCK, secretin) inhibit acid release in stomach
38
midgut - small intestine
-duodenum site of early pancreatic and billary secretions hormone production -jejunum enzymatic digestion and absorption -ileum some enzymatic digestion and absorption reabsorption of bile salts hormone production
39
definition of digestion
breakdown of food molecules by enzyme action
40
3 spatial categories of digestive enzymes
- intraluminal - membrane associated - intracellular
41
categories of digestive enzymes - intrealuminal
secreted in SI lumen
42
categories of digestive enzymes - membrane associated
apical membrane of epitheal cells (brush border enzymes)
43
categories of digestive enzymes - intracellular
enzymes within the cells (intracellular proteases)
44
pancreas secretes what?
amylase lipase proteolytic enzymes
45
arrangement of pancreatic cells
1) acinar and ducts cells - exocrine secretions - amylase, lipase, etc 2) islet cells - endocrine secretions
46
small intestine protein digestion
pancreatic pro - enzymes realized into lumen - trypisogen to trypsin - break protein bonds to smaller amino acid chains
47
small intestine carbohydrate digestion
pancreatic amalyse secreted into lumen -starch and glycogen chain = maltose, maltotriose, dextrine
48
small intestine lipid digestion
pancreatic lipase secreted into lumen -bile needed to soluble fat droplets
49
liver/gallbladder produces what?
bile
50
what organ is the storage organ for bile?
gallbladder (absent in horses, not present in all animals)
51
bile is produced from _____ by the ______ and released into the _____ (connect to the bile ducts)
bile is produced from cholesterol by the hepatocytes and released into the canaliculi (connect to the bile ducts)
52
bile composition
- bile salts (made from cholesterol in the smooth ER) (fat digestion by emulsification) - bicarbonate (released from duct cells) - phopholipids and cholestrol - billirubin (gives feces brown color)
53
regulation of bile secreation
``` entirly hormonal (endorine) regulation -CCK relaxes sphincter of oddi, gallbladder contractions ```
54
Bile secretion positive feedback
bile acids reabsorbed in ileum and returned to the liver increases bile production as long as CCK keeps gallbladder contracting and spincter open
55
in order for nutrients to be absorbed they must?
cross the apical membrane and basolateral membrane, then released into the portal vein and then the liver to the general circulation
56
absorption - fat soluble vitamins
- diffusion through apical membrane | - incorperation into chylomicrons and release into lymph, eventually enters blood stream
57
absorption - fatty acids
- diffusion through apical membrane - carrier meditated transport across apical membrane - incorperation into chylomicrons and release into lymph, eventually enters blood stream
58
absorption - electrolytes/minerals
- through channels | - carrier mediated transport (active or passive) across both membranes
59
absorption - monosacchrides, amino acids, water soluble vitamins
-carrier mediated transport (active or passive) across both membranes
60
hind - gut large intestine
``` -cecum blind sac paired in birds (balance for flight) appendix in humans VFA absorption ``` -colon VFA absorption -rectum not in birds, cloaca instead storage of feces prior to defication
61
4 layers of gastrointestinal wall
1) serosa (connective tissue) 2) muscle - inner and longitudinal 3) sunmucosa (blood and nerves) 4) mucosa (epithelial cells)
62
ENS to CNS parasymatetic motor nureons
stimulatory
63
ENS to CNS sympathetic motor nureons
inhibitory
64
roles of motility of the GIT
move digest along the GI retain digesta for digestion, absorption, storgae physically break down food, mix it with secretions bring digest in contact with absorptive surface
65
segmanation allows
for digesta to be retained in a segment of the intestine , mix, gives it extra time (non movement)
66
what is retropulsion?
also called antiperostalis, in the colon waves of contraction that move in the direction of the cecum/small I in birds moves material from cloaca back into LI

animal physioligy (14 decks)

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