study guide for cognitive psychology Flashcards
vbc n bv§What are Implicit memories
They are memories we do not put into words
i.e, such as riding a bike ( you don’t tell your brain to ride a bike)
What are the brain systems that mediate associative, implicit memories?
They usually depend on the nature of the association. ( basal ganglia, amygdala, cerebellum.
What are the types of implicit memories
- Priming
- Procedural
- classical conditioning
- non asscoativelearning
How are implicit memories expressed
- through actions and reactions
What is non-associative learning
it represents another type of implicit memory that depends on the changes in the responsiveness of neurons involved in receiving the repeated stimulus.
Procedural memory
It involves skills and habits For example, when you drive while daydreaming) you use your implicit memory not to crash the car.
What do procedural memories include
goal-oriented behaviors
- motor skills( muscle movements)
- cognitive skills and habitual behaviors ( ability to read)
What is priming divided into
- perceptual
- conceptual
What is perceptual priming
A response in which a related stimulus is facilitated, i.e., HM with temporal lobe damage was able to recall the words that flashed on the screen. while the L.H. guy with occipital lobe injury was unable to
What is conceptual priming
a response to a conceptually related stimulus is facilitated. I.e H.M was not able to recall the words from earlier while L.H guy was able to.
Explicit memories can be declared
can be declared
- they are usually called declarative memory because I can declare that I know them.
What are the two types of explicit memory
- Episodic
- Semantic
What does episodic memory consist of
- A person’s memory of past expirences that can be identified as occurring at a time and place. ( I can remember the episode of when it happened)
What does semantic memory consist of
- is knowledge of concepts, categories and facts independent of personal experience.
- i.e random facts about capitals of countries and jello
within the medial temporal lobes, which is the brain part that is thought to be responsible for episodic memories
- hippocampus
- but after H.M.’s case, it’s figured out that the hippocampus appears to be necessary for forming new episodic memory but not for retrieving older memories.
The long-term storage of episodic memories include what
The reactivation of the cortical brain region that relates to the memory being recalled
i.e, if you are recalling something that’s being heard,dyour temporal lobe will be activated
If you recall something you have seen, your cortical areas are involved in visual perception.
Although the hippocampus is responsible for acquiring episodic memories, there is evidence that other medial temporal lobe regions play a role in the acquisition of semantic memory
The three brain-damaged kids are the evidence of this study
in which the injury was localized into parts of the hippocampus and did not extend to other parts of the brain. Not H.M’s case, tho
What are the 3 stages of memory processing
Encoding -
storage
- retrieval
What is encoding
The process in which the perception of stimulus is changed into memory
Encoding starts with what
attention
You are most likely to remember something you paid attention to
Some words or concepts may have more extensive representation in the brain
True
What is dual coding hypothesis
it’s a theory by which it’s assumed that words that can be both verbalized and visualized are most likely to be remembered .
i.e dog or keep is easier toremeber
answer dog because you can both visualize and verbalize it
what other ways enhance memory encoding in the brain
- semantic processing
- Acoustic processing
- visual processing
What is Semantic processing
The more meaning an item has, the more deeply it’s encoded into the brain