Soical Psychology Flashcards
study guide
1
Q
What do we call it when people act in ways that help others
A
Presocial ( include doing favors, putting aside egocentrism)
2
Q
What motivates presocial behaviors
A
Empathy
3
Q
What is it called when people provide help when it is needed without any apparent reward in doing so
A
Altruism
4
Q
People are least likely to help an outgroup than they are to help an ingroup. This effect is called
A
Reciprocal helping according to robert Trivers One animal helps the other because the other may return the favor in the future
5
Q
What is the Bystander non Intervention effect
A
It’s the failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need when other people are present.
6
Q
What part of the brain is important for judging trustworthiness
A
Amygldla
7
Q
How did Google get its employees to eat more vegetables?
A
-make healthier options visible and upfront
- Influencing Portion Sizes: Using smaller plates (8-10 inches vs. standard 12 inches) effectively limits serving sizes on a buffet line. Burrito portion sizes were also reduced compared to typical fast-casual options
8
Q
How did google they improve over time?
A
feeding over 10,000 - 23000 over 2 yrs
- Seafood consumption increased
- Water consumption rocketed up, too.
9
Q
What is the concept behind the Google method called
A
choice architecture
10
Q
What is choice architecture?
A
You can design an environment where people can choose without taking away their will to choose the other. Make the desired option the default.
11
Q
What problems did Google encounter?
A
They needed more than behavioral science, but they also needed taste
( CHEF)
- Kitchen culture and chef motivation
12
Q
How did they solve the problem?
A
Investemnet in vegetable food naming companies and highly paid chefs.
13
Q
What is social psychology
A
The study of how the real or imaginative presence of others affects our thoughts, feelings and behaviors
14
Q
When it comes to making an accurate prediction about whether someone will stop to help somebody else
A
a person-related variable is less potent than intuition suggests, whereas a situation-related variable is more potent than intuition suggests
15
Q
What are situation-related variables?
A
aspects of the environment of a person’s external circumstances that could serve to explain their behavior
16
Q
What is a person-related variable?
A
aspects of a person’s unique and enduring traits or disposition that could serve to explain their behavior.
17
Q
Does religiosity help? ( Darle and Batson) - Tested religious ( as a quest, as a means and as end)
A
The correlation was weak; therefore, they concluded that the person-related variable is not a good predictor of people’s helping behavior.
18
Q
how did they test for situation related variable to predict the lack of help
A
They rushed people
LoW - it will be few minutes before they are ready for you
MEDIUM HURRY - The assistant is ready for you
HIGH HURRY- Oh you are late they were expecting you few minutes ago.
19
Q
Does feeling rushed predict a lack of help?
A
Yes, the subtle situation-related variable is a good predictor of people’s helping behavior.
20
Q
What is a bystnader non intervention ?
A
a phenomenon where the presence of others reduces the likelihood that an individual will intervene in an emergency situation
21
Q
What are the two possible explanations for the tragedy of Hugo Tale - Yax
A
PERSON RELATED - people have become cold, unwilling to help strangers in need
SITUATION RELATED- Perhaps there are social factors that might inhibit people from intervening.
22
Q
How did they test for bystander nonintervention
A
They staged a fake emergency in front of a different number of people.
23
Q
What is the seizure study?
A
The emergency participant appears to have a seizure in a cubicle ( can be heard through the intercom)
Behavior of interest - notify the experimenter or check in on the participant.
The manipulation - how many people are hearing the seizure
24
Q
What is the finding of the seizure study
A
helped to fail because there are so many others.
25
What is the smoke filled room study
The emergency - smoke wafts and fills the room,
behavior of interest - how long it takes to notify the experimenter
manipulation - how many people are in the room filling out survey
26
What are the two explanations for hitting snooze
It's person-related. Sleeping late is a problem of laziness ( make them feel less lazy and have a positive attitude towards getting up early).
situation-related - sleeping late is a problem of laziness, which makes it hard to hit the snooze button
27
What is channel factor?
Aspect of a situation ( one that can facilitate, inhibit, and guide behavior in a particular direction
28
Example of channel factor ( johnson and Goldstein )
Organ donation in opt-in vs opt-out countries. ( higher in optout countries )
29
What are the two explanations for the difference in organ donation in both countries
person related - low donations are related to ppl in the country who don't support organ donation for whatever reason
situational - channel factor making the desired behavior the default choice.
30
What is causal attribution?
The process of assigning causes to other people's action , deciding what it is that motivated someone to behave certain way.
31
what are the two attribution
Dispositional and situation
32
Dispositional attribution
implicates a person's traits/personality as the cause of their behavior.
33
situational attribution
implicating a person's circumstance/environment, something external to them, as the cause of their behavior.
34
How did Hansen, Kimble, and Biers generate evidence for the Fundamental attribution error
randomly assigned people to act friendly/ unfriendly and have someoneelse rate their friendliness. Despite knowing their act is situational, people showed dispositionalist behavior as they showed variance between the two tested groups.
35
What is the fundamental attribution error
The tendency to draw
Inferences about a person’s
unique and enduring
dispositions from behaviors
that can be entirely
explained by the situations in
which they occur
36
What is the conclusion of Hansen, Kimble, & Biers (2001) For FAE
- Both personality and situation matter
- thoughts, emotions, and behavior are a function of both disposition and environment.
37
What is the first social experiment done?
Triplet's cyclist
38
The conclusion of the Triplets' cyclist
Professional cyclists have a faster lap time when they are competing against someone
39
What is Triplets' fishing reels finding?
On the whole, children did better in the presence of OTHER CHILDREN.
40
What is the improved version of social facilitation theory? from Zajonc's perspective ( resolution to triplet's idea.
-arousal increases tendency to produce a dominant response
- prepares us to act in unpredictable environments
41
What is the dominant response
refers to something someone is inclined to do when a situation calls for it
- could be something reflexive, habituated, and well-practiced.
42
How does arousal affect performance
Performance is facilitated when the dominant response is correct
Performance is hindered when the dominant response is wrong
43
What does the cockroach study tested for
- BY MANIPULATING THE CORRECTNESS o THE COCKROACH'S DOMINANT RESPONSE
- the maze box is the incorrect dominant response
- while the box with no maze is the correct dominant response.
44
What did the cockroach study reveal
The audience hindered the performance of the maze task
The audience helps for the runaway task
45
What are the factors affecting the dominant response
-Experience/expertise
i.e, when starting out, your dominant response is usually wrong,gas you get more practice, you become more likely to make the correct response
- Task complexity
i.e, on easy things, you naturally do the right thing; on hard tasks, you are more inclined to do the wrong thing.
46
Everyone is a free rider
Many hands make the work light
47
What does the MAX Ringlemann experiment explain
How does the productivity of a group change as the group size increases? Do people try
48
What is Ringlemann's effect?
Social loafing is the tendency to exert less effort when working in groups. as the group gets larger, the individual contributions become unidentifiable.
49
What is the difference between social loafing and social facilitation?
social facilitation - focuses on individual performance while in the mere presence of others.
social loafing - on group performance and how individuals manage their contributions.
50
Why do we get reduced group productivity ?
Motivation loss - ppl dont try to scream as loudly because they think others will pick up their slack
coordinaton loss - its hard to coordinate the sounds all at the same time
51
What is social infulence
The ways in which other people's thoughts, behaviors affect our own thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
52
How do we dismantle the two possiblities
by using psuedo groups, people are told they are part of a group but actually its just them screaming individually.
53
what are the two types of social influence?
conformity- Changing our preceptions and behaviors so that they are consistent with a group norms.
Obedience- Compliance with the demands of an authorithy figure.
54
How do we precive others
- as information
- as Judges
55
How do we use others as information
- Using others behavior to inform our own what is correct, effective, appropriate and expected
- Normative influences on behavior conforming out of a desire to avoide judgment.
56
What is Sherifs classic conformity exiperments( How far has the light moved)
Sherif tested how hearing other people's opinion influence our preception
57
What is the finding of Sherrif's classic conformity exipermnet
he found out that social influences that occured in the exipermnet lasted for a while, participants still showed evidence of being influenced by their orginal group consensus judgment.
58
what is Asch's line exipermnet
Asch wanted to see if people would still confirm to a group judgmnet its self is unambiogous and the group is no longer providing useful infomrmation.
59
what is Milligram's obedience exiperment
- how far are they willing to go with the torturing machine until they stop.
60
who would be the best predictor of you ( the paradox of self insight)
YOU
because you know you the best
61
What is the dunning Kruger effect
a phenomon where incompetent individuals fail to recogonize their incomeptence due to meta cognitive deficts that prevent accurate self assesemnt.
62
what causes the Dunning Kruger effect
sometimes the skill you need to produce the correct answers is the skills you need to evaluate whether your answers are correct. ( prevents you from accurately assing your poor perfomance)
63
When does the Dunning Krugger effect occur
The dunnin Krugger effect doesnt always happen
64
What did the back masked music study reveal ?
residual egocentrism
some participants were told what they are supposed to hear while others werennot infomed
65
what is the result of the back masked music study reveal ?
Particpants knowledge shaped their judgments about other people ( they were ego centric )
66
What is the illlusion of transparency in lie detection.
The beleif that our internal states are transparent to others that our emotions leak out when in fact they are not nearly as transparent as we beleive they are.
67
WHat is the finding of the illusion of transparency exipermnet by Gilovich et al. Foul drink tasting
the accuracy of Judgemnet about how likely other peopler are able to correctly guess they were lying on the round where it happened.
68
What is the lie detection study?
done by Gilobichi et al
illusion of transparency
- participants try to tell lies to each other and
- The liar was asked to tell how many people would know they are lying.
69
The illusion of transparency in lie detection.
- predicted 49.8%, actual rate of accuracy is 25.6% allie although it was obvious that she was the one who told the lie.
70
Amadou Diallo ( 41 shots in the Bronx )
cops fired 41 shots at him
71
How much of the police's decisions happened because Diallo was a black person
Sterotyping and prejudice
72
The cognitive perspective of stereotyping
Navigating the complexities of the social world through categorisation
- We use categorization to reduce the complexity of the social world ( basically making it more cognitively manageable)
73
When and why stereotyping ought to occurr
If stereotyping reduces cognitive demand,s then ppl should be more likely to stereotype when they are cognitively fatigued
- if people engage in stereotyping, it should free up cognitive resources for other tasks.
74
Stereotyping is exacerbated by cognitive fatigue Bodenhausen, 1990 )
asses when people are most alert morning vs evening people 9 am or 8 pm
- provide them with a set of scenarios in which they might apply a stereotype ( think it is that this person has the following traits)
- outcome measures the extent to which they assume the stereotypical trait.
Result - if they participated at 9 am, they were less stereotypical,l but when they came in at 8 pm, they became more stereotypical and vice versa for the evening people too.
-
75
result of Bodenhausen, 1990 ). Stereotyping is exacerbated by cognitive fatigue
Morning people tend to stereotype in the evening, while evening people tend to stereotype more in the morning
76
Sterotyping conserves cognitive resources (Macrae et al )
Overload people's cognitive resources by having them try to learn a lot of information all at once
There were 2 task,s one was an impression formation task provided visually, and the other was an audio lecture
Measure: how much of the information did you learn
77
The result of stereotype conserving cognitive resources
??/
78
The motivated phenomenon of stereotyping
outgroup derogation as a means of feeling better about the self and one's ingroups.
79
Work of HENRI TAJFEL
- Group membership seemed arbitrary to him / what motivates ingroup favoritism.
80
The minimal Group paradigm
( Tajfel's work on arbitrary dividing the world into us and them
- THE WORLD is carved into 2 overestimators vs underestimators
- How does your being placed in an arbitrary group influence to who you allocate the points to.
81
What did Henri Tajfel think about social Identity theory
The status of our group shapes the way we feel about ourselves.
82
The study of Prejudice as a motivated phenomenon, Fein and Spencer
Participants completed an intelligence test, half got feedback that they did really well, and half got poor feedback
- asked to read a job application to evaluate personality and job qualification
The job candidate was presented either as Jewish or not
Fein and Spencer wanted to know if the poor feel back would result in outgroup derogation
83
Result: The study of Prejudice as a motivated phenomenon, Fein and Spencer
Positive feedback - almost the same rating of candidate personality
Negative feedback - they rate the Jewish candidate low on personality.
Findings- led to out-group derogation, and the pool who did the experience showed boosts in their self-esteem.
84
The non-conscious phenomenon of stereotyping is the implicit phenomenon.
The spontaneous and unintentional nature of knowing and evaluating others using group cues.
- has the feature of automaticity and can influence behavior even when people do not consciously endorse the stereotype.
85
What is explicit sterotyping
measure view self-report
deliberate intentional, slo,w and more controllable
86
What is implicit sterotyping
measured by reaction time
automatic association even without conscious endorsement ( bacon , egg)
87
The weapon effect Corell et. al
Participants saw images of different targets in different positions; some were carrying guns, and others were carrying bags and wallets.
Participants' task was to make split-second shoot don't shoot decisions
The race of the targets varied across trials
88
finding of the weapon effect
Participants were more likely to mistakenly shoot an American target holding an innocuous object, and more likely to mistakenly not shoot a caucasian target
89
Interpersonal attraction
The factor that causes to like and hate one another
many attempts made to predict what affects attraction.
90
what predicts attraction
Walster et al
752 college students received tickeckts to a welcime week dance at UOM
they were randimly matched with a date
participants were asked to rate their attraction to their dates
researchers looked for which of this variables affected the ratings the most intellegience, selfestem peer rated physical attractivness social skills masculinty, feminity
91
what are the situational variables that causes attraction
Proximity and familiraty as key situational variables ( just being there)
92
How much does proximty matter for attractivness
very
93
Friendship at MIT
neighbors were most liley to be frineds and people on diferent floors are least likely to be frineds because you dont encounter them as often
94
what is the finding of Friendship at MIT
its not how much you like somone but your proximty that defines your frinedship
95
Friendship by chance on the first day of PSYC 101
first day seat assignmnet predicts liking
96
what is the finding of random 1 st day assignmnet predicts liking Back et al 2008
siting next to you neighbor is the factor that induce you to like them more.
97
what is the mere exposure effect
as you are exposed to a stimulus increases liking towards it due to inrcreases familiraity with it.
98
Familiraty liking of unfamiliar strangers The mere exposure effect with unfamilar wors study done by Zajonc
( 1968)
unfamiliar turkish words
no of repeated exposure
how you precive
the more exposure they had to it the more positive meaning the particpants had
99
familiraty breeds liking of strangers
mere exposure effect with people
target - unfailar ppl attending larg classes
manipulation - amount of random classes the stangers attended
outcome measuremnets- assesed how likelable the stangers are at the end of the semster
result - the more lectures the stranger attended the more likable they seemed .
100
what are the factors that seemed to matter to find physical attaction of someone else
Physical attactivness was the only thing that predicted how physically attracted they were to the date they were randomly assigned on the first day.
- this was equally true for male and female
101
Eastwick and finckel 2008 modern attempt at predicting attraction
speed dating and asked how likely they would go on a second date with the person.
102
finding of Eastwick and finckel 2008
- by far the strongest predictor of attraction was physcial attraction some other qualities also emerged .
- how fun exciting, responsive, trustworthy and friendly their dates seemed
103
How do we treat physically attractive people
- they get pretty linear sentences in the court
- more likely to be hired,
to get positive work feed back, to get promoted
104
what are some of predictors of physcial attractivness?
- explaning disgust who gets to decide what food is disgusting
- there are some indicators that are sort of univresally found attractivenss
105
Disgust has many universal triggers
meaning its highly culturally variable
- women with long necks
106
Explaning physical attractivness
Two cross cultural universal in facial histories,
- Bilateral symmetry faces that are symmertrical are viewed as more attrative than asymmetrical
- prototypicality faces that capture charactersitcs that sit at the stats average of variation
107
researchers
are there any facial structures of criminals
