Chapter 3 Biology and Behavior Flashcards
What are the two basic Units of the nervous system?
- central nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
What does the central nervous system consist of
The brain and spinal cord
What does the peripheral nervous system consist of
All servers that are not part of the central nervous system.
1. somatic nervous system( voluntary movement)
2. Autonomic nervous system ( Involuntary movement), for example, heartbeat
What are the basic units of the Nervous system?
Neuron cells
What are the functions of Neurons
to receive, integrate, and transmit information to and from our brains.
What are the two types of Neurons
- Sensory neurons
- Motor Neurons
e.g., think about how the two neurons coordinate to help you write with a pen.
What are sensory neurons
they are neurons that detect info from the physical world to our brain
What are somatosensory
They are nerve cells in our skin and muscles that provide info to our brain
Motor Neurons
they are neurons that control the contraction and relaxation of our muscles.
what are the four components involved in communication for a typical neuron
- Dendrites
- cell body
- Axon
- Terminal Button
Which part of neuron receive chemical signal from other neurons
- dendrites
Which part of the neuron integrates the received chemical signal
- Cell Body
Which part of the neuron transmits the received chemical signal in the form of a circuit
- Axon
which part of the neuron releases a chemical signal to another neuron
- Terminal buttons
What is the gap called between one neuron’s dendrites and another terminal button? (the site where communication occur between 2 neurons)
synapse
What is the outer surface of a neuron made up of?
fatty barrier that is semi-permeable
What is the action potential
is literally the electrical signal that passes along the axon.
What does Neural communication depend on?
it depends on the neuron’s ability to respond to stimulation.
What is the electrical charge of a neuron when it’s not active and what is it called
-70mv Resting membrane poteintial.
Why is there a difference in electrical charge
The ratio of negative to positive ions is more excellent inside the cell than it’s outside.
When a neuron has more negatives inside than outside it’s called
polarized
What are the two ions that contribute to a membrane’s resting potential?
sodium and potassium
How is the flow of ions controlled inside a cell?
Through a gating mechanism.
Another mechanism that contributes to polarization is called
The Sodium potassium pump.
Excitatory signals
Depolarize the cell, decreasing the negativity of the inside of the cell than the outside of the cell.
Inhibitory signals
Hyperpolarizing the cell, increases the negativity of the inside of the cell than the outside of the cell.
Relative refractory period
the brief period following action potential when a neuron’s membrane potential is more negative or hyperpolarized, making it harder to fire again.
All or none principle
Neurons either fire at full potential or do not fire at all. There is no halfway. ( there is no weak or strong )
Absolute refractory period
The brief period following an action potential is when the ion channel is unable to respond again.
Myelin Sheath
It is a fatty acid made up of glial cells that insulate some axons to allow for faster movement of electrical impulses along the axon.
Nodes of Ranvier
Small gaps of exposed axon between the segments of myelin sheath where action potential takes place.
Neurotransmitter
a chemical substance that transmits signals from one neuron to another r
Acetylcholine
Motor contol over muscles learning, memory, sleeping and memory
norepinephrine
arousal, viligance and attention
serotonin
emotional state and impulsiveness and dreaming
Dopamine
reward and motivation and voluntary motor movements
Gaba
Inhibition of actin potential anxiety reduction
glutamate
Enhancement of action potential learning and memory
Endorphins
Pain reduction and reward
The three major events that terminate the neurotransmitter influence on the synapse are
reuptake, deactivation, auto reception
Reuptake
it’s when the neurotransmitter is get sent back to the presynaptic stage for recycling
autoreceptor
It is a receptor on the presynaptic neuron which basically determines how much neuron transmitter is out and tells the neuron to stop releasing
deactivation
is when the postsynaptic receptor enzyme destroys the neurotransmitter after use
What are drugs and toxins that enhance the action of neurotransmitters called
agonist
What are drugs and toxins that inhibit the action of neurotransmitters called
antagonist
What are the three things an agonist drug can do
1- they increase the production of neurotransmitters
2- they block the uptake of neurotransmitters to the presynaptic stage
3- they can mimic a neurotransmitter
and activating them.
What are the three things antagonist drugs can do?
1- decrease the amount of neurotransmitter so that there is less inside each vesicle.
2, they can help destroy neurotransmitters in the synapse
3, they can mimic neurotransmitters binding the neurotransmitter’s postsynaptic receptors enough to block binding.
What are the 5 stages of Neurotransmitters
- synthesis
- storage
- release
- Receptor activation
- inactivation
What is Parkinson’s disease
is a degenerative disease marked by muscular rigidity, tremor,s and difficulty initiating voluntary action.
SSRI ( selctive serotonin reuptake inhibitors)
Antidepressant drugs (agonists) prevent the reuptake of serotonin and the amount of serotonin in the synapse.
Release Drugs that work on Neurotransmitter release
- MDMA( serotonin)
- Amphetamine ( dopamine )
Release Drugs that work receptor activation Drugs
( Antipsychotics ) - ( dopamine )
( Opiates ) Endorphine
( Benzons and Alcohol ) - GABA
LSD( serotonin)
Release Drugs that work on Synthesis
L- DOPA (Parkinson’s disease)
Phrenology
Each region of the brain is associated with a process occurring under the skull.
Broca
a small portion of left frontal region of the brain crucial in production of language.
Electroencephalography
a technique for measuring electrical activity in the brain
- it picks up on every noise in the brain it’s imprecise
PET ( Poistrion emission Tomography)
Injecting harmless radioactive substance into the bloodstream enables researchers to find the most active area of by tagging different brain chemicals
Magnetic resonace imaging ( MRI )
Uses powerful magnetic fielf to produce high quality images of the brain
Functional Magnetic resonance imaging ( FMRI)
an imaging method used to measure changes in the activity of the working human brain by measuring changes in the blood oxygen level.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
( TMS)
The Use of huge magnets to interupt normal brain activity. and study the region.
The largest part of the Brain
Fore brain
Cortex is made up of
- Frontal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- temporal lobe
- ocipital lobe
The frontal lobe is responsible
- Primary pre frontal cortex
-thoughts and plan makining
Parietal lobe is responsible
- Primary somatosensory cortex
Touch, spatial relations
The temporal lobe
- Primary audiotory cortex
-Hearing and memory
The occipital lobe
-primary visual cortex
- vision
Split brain
- a condition that occurs when the corpus callosum is surgically cut and the two hemispheres are separate
- help eplilpsey patients
WHat happens if you show a split brain patient visual on left and right at the same time and ask which one they saw
they can only report the one on the right side as the Left hemisphere is dominated ( language relation)
Left hemisphere
is responsible for language
right hemisphere
is responsible for spatial
what are the organization of brain
- fore brain
- Hindbrain
- mid brain
what does the forebrain consist of
- Thalamus, amygdala, Hippocampus, cortex, corpus callosum.
what does the midbrain consist of
- ventral Tegmnetal area
- substentia nigera
what is optogenetics?
- the introduction
of light-gated ion channels to
control neuronal activity - very specified to
Use of electrodes to stimulate deep brain regions
- treatment in which surgically
implanted electrodes deliver
electrical pulses to specific
parts of the brain - parkinson’s, OCD, Epilipsey
what does the Hind brain consist of
- cerebrum
- pons
medulla
also they are brain stem ( part of spianl chord that thicken as it get to the brain.
Cellebrum function
different damages to the cerebrum cause different motor dysfunction
what are the functions of the cerebrum, pons, and medulla
survival, heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, Basic life functions
what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic - prepares the body for action
Amphysymphatic - it returns the body to it’s resting state
The endocrine system is
is a communication network that influences thoughts, behaviors and actions.
what is the comparison between the Endocrine system and the nervous system
the nervous system is faster and uses electrochemical signal whereas the endocrine use hormones and slower
How does the brain change?
The Brain rewires itself throughout life. The major connections are established by chemical messengers while the detailed connections are established by experience.
what is nonassociative learning
Responding after repeated exposure ( sound of ambulance)
what is associative learning
linking two stimuli events together
what is social learning
learning by instruction or observing how others behave
what are the two divisions of nonassociative learning
habituation
sensitization
what is habituation
a decrease in behavior after being repeatedly exposed to a stimuli
i.e getting used to the sound of cars passing by
what is sensitization
increase in behavior after repeated stimuli
i.e smell of something burning trying to find it
what are the two types of associative learning
classical conditioning and operant conditioning
what is classical conditioning?
when we learn that a stimulus predicts another stimulus
what is an operative condition?
when we learn that a behavior leads to a consequence.
What is the unconditioned response
a response that does not have to be learned ( dogs naturally salivate to food)
what is the unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that causes a response without any prior learning (food makes dogs salivate )
what is the conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that causes a response after learning has taken place ( bell )
what is conditioned response
a response to a conditioned stimulus a response that has been learned.( bell + food ) = salivate dog
Learning is acquired and persists until extinction
True
Acquisition
CS produce CR
extinguishes
CS doesn’t produce CR anymore( because it’s presented by itself without unconditioned stimuli)
spontaneous recovery
CS produces CR but it’s weaker now
Fully Extinguish
if CS is continually presented by it’s self it will fully stop producing CR
Stimulus Discrimination
the differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
Stimulus Genralization
Learning occurs when the stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response.
sensory memory
a system that very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original sensory form
working memory
a limited-capacity cognitive system that temporarily stores and manipulates information for current use.
long term memory
The storage of information that lasts from minutes to forever.
Long term potentiation
strengthing of a synaptic connection making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activates by presynaptic neurons
Flashbulb memories
- Vivid episodic memories for the circumstance in which people first learned of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing memory.
