Chapter 4 Cognitive Psychology

Question 1

Consiousness

Answer 1

One’s moment-to-moment subjective experience of the world

Question 2

Change blindness

Answer 2

a failure to notice large changes in one’s environment

Question 3

what are the two ytpes of attention?

Answer 3

-Endogenous attention
-Exogenous attention

Question 4

Endogenous attention

Answer 4

attention that is directed voluntarily
I.e, deciding to attend to what I am reading right now.

Question 5

exogenous attention

Answer 5

attention that is directed involuntarily by a stimulus
I.e, when I am reading and get a cramp in my leg, my attention shifts to the cramp.

Question 6

Priming

Answer 6

a facilitation in the response to a stimulus due to recent experience with that stimulus or a related stimulus

Question 7

subliminal perception

Answer 7

The processing of information by sensory systems without conscious awareness

Question 8

Mediatation

Answer 8

a mental procedure that focuses attention on an external object an internal event or a sense of awareness

Question 9

Memory

Answer 9

The ability to store and retreieve information

Question 10

Procedural memory

Answer 10

A type of implicit memory that involves skills and habits

Question 11

Encoding

Answer 11

The process by which the perception of a stimulus or event gets transformed into a memory

Question 12

Schemas

Answer 12

Cognitive structures in long term memory that help us perceive, organize and understand information

Question 13

Chunking

Answer 13

Organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

Question 14

mnemonics

Answer 14

learning aids or strategies that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues

Question 15

Sensory memory

Answer 15

A memory system that very briefly stores sensory information close to its original sensory form

Question 16

Working memory

Answer 16

A limited capacity cognitive system that temporarily stores and manipulates information for current use

Question 17

Long-term memory

Answer 17

Strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated by presynaptic neurons

Question 18

Flashbulb memories

Answer 18

Vivid episodic memories for the cicumstances in which people first learnedof a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event.

Question 19

Retrieval cue

Answer 19

Any stimulus that promotes memory recall

Question 20

Encoding specificity principle

Answer 20

The idea that a stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger a memory of the experience

Question 21

Prospective memory

Answer 21

Remembering to do something at some future time

Question 22

Retrieval -induced forgetting

Answer 22

Impairment of the ability to recall an item in the future after retrieving a related item from long-term memory.

Question 23

Proactive interference

Answer 23

Interference that occurs when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information

Question 24

Retroactive interference

Answer 24

Interference that occurs when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information

Question 25

Blocking

Answer 25

the temporary inability to remeber something

Question 26

absentmindness

Answer 26

The inattentive or shallow encoding of events

Question 27

Persistence

Answer 27

The continual occurrence of unwanted memories

Question 28

Memory Bias

Answer 28

The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes

Question 29

Source misattribution

Answer 29

`memory distortion that occurs when people misremeber the time, place, person or circumstance involved with a memory

Question 30

Source amnesia

Answer 30

a type of misattribution that occurs when people have a memory of an event but can not remember where they encountered the information

Question 31

Cryptomnesia

Answer 31

A type of missattribution that occurs when people think they have come up with a new idea yet have retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to its proper source.

Question 32

Suggestabiltiy

Answer 32

The development of biased memories from misleading information

Question 33

Decision making

Answer 33

A cognitive process that results in the selection of a course of action or belief from several options

Question 34

Problem solving

Answer 34

Finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal

Question 35

Heuristics

Answer 35

Shortcuts( rules of thumb or informal guidelines used to reduce the amount of thinking needed to make decisions.

Question 36

Anchoring

Answer 36

The tendency to make judgments to rely on the first piece of information encountered to information that comes most quickly

Question 37

Framing

Answer 37

In decision making, an emphasis is on the potential losses or gains from at least one alternative.

Question 38

avalavibilty heuristic

Answer 38

Make a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind.

Question 39

Representativeness

Answer 39

Placing a person or an object in a category if that person or object is similar to one's prototype for that category.

Question 40

affective forecasting

Answer 40

The tendency for people to overestimate how events will make them feel in the future

Question 41

Restructuring

Answer 41

A new way of thinking about a problem that aids its solution

Question 42

Mental sets

Answer 42

Problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past

Question 43

Functional fixedness

Answer 43

In Problem solving, having fixed ideas about the typical functions of objects

Question 44

Insight

Answer 44

The sudden realiztion of a solution to a problem

Question 45

Intelligence

Answer 45

The ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, Understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges.