CHAPTER 2:RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Question 1

Empiricism

Answer 1

Is the Idea that knowledge is a cluster of experience and observation instead of relying on theories and logic alone ( it says we should use our senses by seeing, hearing / experimenting)

Question 2

The Three primary goals of science

Answer 2

• Description
• Prediction
• Explanation

Question 3

Research

Answer 3

Scientific process that involves careful collection, analysis, and interpretation of data

Question 4

Data

Answer 4

Measurements gathered during the research process.

Question 5

scientific method

Answer 5

A systematic procedure of measuring phenomena used to actively describe, explain, and predict. it involves interaction among research theories and hypotheses.

Question 6

How do we know which theory is the best?

Answer 6

• it has a variety of hypothesis
• it will be falsifiable
  i.e a theory that cognitive development predicts that kids that can count they can subtract. if a kid can subtract before they can count it calls the theory into question
• Good theories follow the Parsimony or occams Razor ( simplest explanation)

Question 7

the seven steps after coming up with a theory

Answer 7

1, Frame the research question
2 , conduct literature review
3, form a hypothesis
4, Test your hypothesis ( using appropriate research method)
5, recruit participants from target popn
6,use Statistical analysis to compare responses
7, report Results and restart the research process.

Question 8

variable

Answer 8

something in the world that can vary and that a resasercher can manipulate change and measure

Question 9

Operational definition

Answer 9

How a researcher defines and measures something in a study
i.e if their variable is happiness how do they measure it?

Question 10

Replication

Answer 10

A process of repeating a research to confirm or contradict the result

Question 11

why is it hard for scientists to replicate research?

Answer 11

• False positive ( a result indicating statistically correct data but wrong information.
• sometimes not hypothesized conditions tend to make a difference within a research
• the unintentional bad practices of science for researchers also make research unreplicable.

Question 12

What are some Unintentional bad practices of science?

Answer 12

-HARKing - which is hypothesizing after results are known.

-P- hacking - which is scientists manipulating their data by emitting data that doesn’t follow their hypothesis.

Underreporting null effect- in which scientists don’t report a condition that didn’t make any change compared to their control.

Question 13

What are some good practices for scientist?

Answer 13

Pre-registration - where researchers preregister their topic methodology and hypothesis before conducting the research.

Meta-analysis is “A study of the studies” where research on the same topic is compiled together into one study of studies. The research is wished differently if one research is based on a small population size and the other on a large population size, then they are reviewed separately.

Question 14

Critical thinking

Answer 14

It’s a systematic way of questioning and evaluating information Using well-constructed and trusted evidence.

Question 15

What are the ways of Critical thinking

Answer 15

• Ask for evidence for the claim that’s being made
• Ask for clarification and definition of the question that is being asked.
• And look for the source of the information you obtained ( can the source be trusted? Is the source a peer-reviewed paper?

Question 16

What types of studies are used in scientific research?

Answer 16

• Descriptive research
  -Correlational research
• Observational studies

Question 17

Descriptive research

Question 18

What are the three ways of conducting descriptive research?

Answer 18

Case Study
Observational
self-report and interview

Question 19

Case study

Answer 19

• is a descriptive research method that involves intensive examination of a person or an organization
• it can be flawed as one result from a specific case study might not apply to another.

Question 20

What are the two types of observational studies?

Answer 20

-Participant observation
- naturalistic observation

Question 21

What is the difference between the two observational study methods?

Answer 21

• Participant observation of the research is involved in the studies
• Naturalistic observation is the research where the research is not involved at all.

Question 22

What is correlational studies?

Answer 22

It is the description and prediction of the relationship of variables.

Question 23

What are the limitations of correlational studies?

Answer 23

• Correlation doesn’t imply causation
• Directionality problem ( does wealth cause happiness) or ( does happiness cause wealth )
• third variable or lurking variable

Question 24

What is correlational study good for?

Answer 24

for making predictions

Question 25

Experimental method

Answer 25

A research method that tests a casual hypothesis by manipulating variables

Question 26

independent variable

Answer 26

Is the variable that is being manipulated

Question 27

dependent variable

Answer 27

is the variable that is being produced after the outcome of the manipulated variable.

Question 28

Experiment Group

Answer 28

The Participants in an experiment who receive the treatment

Question 29

Control group

Answer 29

The participants in an experiment who receive intervention or receive an intervention unrelated to the independent group.

Question 30

Confound

Answer 30

Anything that affects a dependent variable and that may unintentionally vary between the exipermntal conditions of a study.( it's like a third variable)

Question 31

Random assignment

Answer 31

Placing each participant into the conditions of an experiment in such a way that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of independent variable.