Devlopmental unit Flashcards
What is Nativism? ( Nature)
Genetic The belief that abilities are innate and
does not require experience to be acquired
What is Empiricism (Nature)
ENviromental the belief that
abilities are acquired via experience
What are Bronfenbrenner’s ecological
systems theory of
development
Microsystem
* Exosystem
* Macrosystem
* Chronosystem
Micro system
Immediate world family school daycare
Exosystem
Family work place, hosptals indirect influences
Macrosystem
cultural values
laws
Chrnosytem
Enviromnal changes that occur the life course History
What is Nature and nurture relationship
They are intertwined
Genotype x Environment = Phenotype
What is the prenatal developemnet composed of
- germinal 0-2 weeks:
- Embryonic 3-8 weeks:
- Fetal 9 weeks - birth:
which prental phase is very foundational and significant?
Embryonic becasue thats when organs develop?
what is the germinal phase
-Starts with a single cell called a zygote (fertilized egg) that travels down the
fallopian tubes towards uterus
* Contains all the possible genetic material that you’re going to have (50% from each parent
Sensitive period: ( embyonic development)
a time of development in
which certain experiences or conditions
may exert disproportionate influence
(either for harm or benefit) on long-term
developmental outcome
Visual perception
- Infants are attuned to social stimuli, especially to faces
- Prefer face-like top down organization
- Prefer mother’s face (when mother is main caregiver)
- Prefer social to non-social stimuli
Perceptual development ( Nature)
This predisposition towards faces doesn’t require any experience with faces
Perceptual development ( Nurture)
- Provides an explanation for looking preferences based on
race/gender— Babies are especially attuned to faces that are like
their primary caregivers.
Perceptual Narrowing:
from “generalist” to “specialist” as a result of visual experience. race/gender
What are some nature-based motor development activities?
Rooting, sucking, eyeblink, palmar, moro, stepping
How does Motor development affect the environment
Motor behaviors and milestones can differ systematically within culture
based on specific environmental factors
What is cognitive development?
The study of the development of general
“thinking-related” processes like remembering, problem-solving, and decision-making
How does development happen
development happens in discrete, discontinuous,
qualitatively different stages. Stages apply across domains.
What are the 4 parts of the Piagets stage theory
(0-2 years): Sensorimotor
(2-7 years): Preoperational
(7-11 years) Concrete operational
(11+ years): Formal operational
What is the Sensorimotor stage
Children use their sensory and motor systems to explore their environments.
what makes children unique in the Sensorimotor stage
Children do not seem to understand object
permanence.
what defines Sensorimotor stage
Object Permanence - not fully developed until 12 months (Piaget)
A-not-B error: infants perseverate to previous location
perseveration: repetition of a particular response, despite the absence or
cessation (stopping) of a stimulus
What is the preoperational stage
Children can now represent experiences with
language and mental imagery
What makes children unique in the preoperational stage
These skills are still pretty limited — children display egocentrism and centration as they continue to focus primarily on how the world directly relates to them and their bodies.
Egocentrism -
Egocentrism - situation from another’s perspective
Centration
focus on a single, perceptually salient feature while ignoring other relevant information
What is a concrete stage
Children can reason logically about
concrete objects and events.
What makes children unique in the concrete stage
Children cannot think in purely abstract terms (e.g.,
about morality) or generate systematic experiments to test their beliefs
What is a formal operational stage
Children have reached adult-like stages of
reasoning
What makes the formal operational stage unique
No major mistakes or gaps in logical reasoning
What is Competence/Performance Distinction
A participant’s ability to demonstrate
Knowledge may be masked by the
demands of the task, unrelated to
the knowledge itself
One of the methods that helps refine Piaget’s ideas
-Increase motivation and pay attention to the pragmatics of the
experimental situation.
How do you reduce demands on the participants?
- Habituation
- Dishabituation
what is Imprinting
in innate form of learning in which offspring will follow and become attached to the first moving object that is seen
What is secure attachemnet
-Upset at separation; seeks parent at reunion and is easily soothed by the
parent
What is insecure avoidant
Readily separate to explore; avoids the parent; doesn’t prefer parent to
stranger
What is Insecure-ambivalent
(resistant)
Extremely upset at separation, resists the parent’s attempt to soothe at reunion.
What is disorganized/disoriented
Somewhat unpredictable; often looks away from parent and freezes their behaviors or expressions
What is the long-term effect of secure attachment?
-rated as more sociable &
harmonious with peers
-more likely to raise
securely attached kids
-More trusting, longer lasting
romantic relationships
-longer lasting & closer
friendships
What are the stages of production for language
~3 months - Cooing and gurgling
-6-12 months - reduplicated babbling: repetitive consonant-vowel pattern in hearing babies, repetitive hand motions in Deaf babies or CODA babies (Child of Deaf Adult)
-10-14 months - language-like
Babbling is also common and first
word(s)
Conditioned head-turn procedure -
Infants are trained to turn their
heads towards a speaker when a change in a repeating train of sounds is
presented
What is Syntactic bootstrapping:
Using knowledge of grammar to infer the meaning of novel words
How did the children learning about the word Gorping help Syntactic bootstrapping:
-The bunny is gorping the rat - bad mean
-The bunny and the rat are gorping together.
What is the sensitive period for language development?
Exposure to a second language (L2) after age 7 leads to lower grammar proficiency
This is true no matter how long you study your L2!
What is adoclence defined by
Developmental psychologist define adolescence as beginning with puberty and ending with the transition to adult roles
what is an example of adocesent crisis
Adolescent crisis:
Identity versus Identity
diffusion
What are the 4 states of identity
- Identity moratorium
-Identity diffusion - Identity foreclosure
-Identity achievement
What is Identity Diffusion
Have not committed to an
identity nor explored any
options
-* More socially
withdrawn* Low levels of
intimacy with peers
what is Identity Foreclosure
Have committed to an
identity but one that others
have chosen for you
-Closer relationships
with parents
* Low autonomy
* More rigidity
* less open
what is Identity moratorium
Know that you need to find
an identity, and actively
investigating options
-higher anxiety* less rigidity
* more openness* More conflict with parents
What is Identity Achievement
Attained a coherent sense
of identity based on
exploration and personal
decisions
- High agency
* High intrinsic motivation
* High intimacy with peers
