study guide- exam 3 Flashcards
What part of the brain is affected in the degeneration in Parkinson’s Disease?
certain neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia, where posture support and voluntary motion is controlled
what are some restrictions placed on patients who have seizures?
driving license taken, can’t operate machinery, can’t live alone..
what is external radiation?
conventional use of ionizing radiation applied outside the body..used in treatment of head and neck cancer
What herbal supplements do patients use for controlling seizures?
gingko bilboa, st johns wart and some essential oils
when does PMS occur?
can occur 7-10 days before menstruation
What are the oral symptoms of radiation therapy?
oral mucositits, xerostomia, radiation caries, taste loss, infection, trismus and osteoradionecrosis
protrusion of the meninges through a defect in the skull or spinal column
meningocele
This gland is called the “Master Gland” bc it has a great impact on body organs, other endocrine glands, and overall wellbeing.
Pituitary Gland
what are the common pituitary tumors?
adenomas
abnormal depression of all cellular elements of the blood
pancytopenia
what are common symptoms of pituitary gland disorders?
headaches, vision problems, mood swings or behavioral changes, weight change, reproductive problems, and hypertension
improper functioning of this gland leads to diabetes…
pancreas
what is the grading scale of mucositis?
0- no oral mucositis
1-soreness, erythema
2- oral ulcers, solid foods tolerated
3-oral ulcers, liquid diet only due to mucositis
4-oral ulcers, alimentation impossible due to mucositis
another name for a stroke…
cerebrovascular accident
What treatment is used for a variety of blood diseases, including leukemia?
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
what hormone declines with menopause?
estrogen and progesterone
what are the symptoms of PMS?
fatigue, headache, bloating, mastalgia, skin breakouts, cramps, food cravings, depression, anxiey, irritability, hostility, fearfulness, mood changes, reduced ability to concentrate
What factors should a hygienist consider when planning care on a pt. w/MS?
orofacial manifestations such as intermittent headaches, facial pain, numbness, palsy, and spasms
visual disturbances
impaired motor ability
oral and systemic affects of meds
what four symptoms is parkinsons disease characterized by?
tremor in right hands, arms, legs, jaw and face
rigidity of limbs and trunk
bradykinesia or slowness of movement
postural instability
Burning sensation in the mouth without recognizable oral lesions…known as burning, tingling, hot, scalding, numbness. Unknown etiology..Treatment benzodiazapam, antidepressants, or analgesics.
burning mouth syndrome
not all patients have a warning before a seizure. One who does receive a warning may seek a safe place to sit or lie down in privacy. In the dental environment, the patient can inform you so that procedures can be stopped and preparations can be made.
aura
what are some post menopausal changes?
- Reproductive organs atrophy.
- Bone problems have been associated with the menopausal patient.
- Skin and mucous membranes decrease in thickness and keratinization, becoming fragile and easily injured.
- Predisposition to conditions including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and hypothyroidism.
this condition affects adults, years after recovery from an initial attack of the poliomyelitis virus when they were children…cause is unknown
postpolio syndrome
what is postpolio syndrome characterized by?
progressive muscle weakness, fatigue, muscle and joint pain, potential muscle atrophy
paralysis of the facial muscles innervated by the facial or seventh cranial nerve
bells palsy
deficiency of blood caused by functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel
ischemia
What are the conditions expected due to radiation therapy?
skin reactions such as bad sunburn, fatigue and nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation
what can a pregnant mother take to prevent spina bifida?
folic acid
what are some suggestions for patients with cancer, for dental hygiene care?
gently brush teeth with soft toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste after every meal and bed time, use of interdental aids
rinse mouth every 2-3 hrs with baking soda, salt and water solution, and plain rinse, or fluoridated water when available..
sip water frequently, suck on ice chips and chew sugar free gum, avoid spicy foods..
use fluoride tooth paste daily
What is an indicator for chemotherapy?
eliminate a localized tumor too large for surgical removal, treat cancer that has metastasized to other parts of the body, prevent cancer reoccurance, use before surgery to make cancer easier to remove, palliative
what are some clinical manifestations of partial seizures?
precipitating factors such as stress, fatigue, flashing lights, alcohol use or withdrawl, neonatal conditions.
aura- seek a safe place to sit down, numbness, tingling, twitching..
When should EMS be activated if seizure is still occurring?
When seizure in still occurring or has recurred within 5 minutes
what are some general symptoms of menopause?
o Hot flashes, defined as periodic surges of heat involving the whole body; may be accompanied by sweats.
o Hot flash may begin with a headache; proceed to a flushing of the face, with heart palpitations and dizziness, followed by a chill.
o Episodes may last a few minutes to 30 minutes.
o Night sweats and sleeping problems may lead to feeling tired, stressed, or tense.
when related to phenytoin use, what may gingival enlargement be called?
Dilantin hyperplasia, diphenylhydantoin induced hyperplasia, diphenylhydantoin gingival hyperplasia
This is caused by too much cortisol production…
cushings syndrome
What is the best solution for xerostomia in a patient doing radiation treatments?
encourage daily oral hygiene care including biofilm, removal at least twice a day, encourage fluoride use
The WHO estimates how many million worldwide have epilepsy?
50 million
difficult and painful menstruation
dysmenorrhea
this seizure only affects one part of the brain
focal
this type of muscular dystrophy is limited to males and transmitted by female carriers and occurs in approx. 1.3-1.8 males between 5-24 yr of age
duchenne muscular dystrophy
how can puberty affect the oral cavity?
- Gingival infl. due to increase sex hormones released.
- Diet analysis recommended to look at diet related dental disease pattern.
- Hyperplastic gingiva (related to ortho)
- Acute intraoral infections involving the periodontium.
- Periodontal infection can be localized or generalized.
when the spinal cord protrudes through spina bifida
myelomeningocele
what are particular factors to consider when planning hygiene care with a patient with bells palsy?
decreased self cleansing action of tongue and lips, decreased control of saliva
What age does the onset of rheumatoid arthritis usually occur?
20 and 40 yr… more women than men
Average life expectancy someone with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
3-5 years
what does autologous mean?
it is a type of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation that comes from ones self
What cranial nerve is affected in Bell’s Palsy?
seventh cranial nerve
this results from tissue anoxia or ischemia caused by pressure exerted on the skin and subcutaneous tissues by bony prominences and the object on which they rest, such as a matress
decubitus ulcer
Most spinal cord injuries are at what level?
c1-c4
what medications can cause gingival hyperplasia?
phenytoin, calcium channel blocker, and immunosuppressant cyclosporin
What can reduce the occurrence of gingival enlargement in patients?
change in drug prescription, nonsurgical treatment, surgical removal
Where is bone marrow usually aspirated from for a transplant?
iliac crest, ribs or sternum
what type of diet should you recommend to someone going through menopause?
Recommend whole grain products, veggies, and fruits. Choose low fat low cholesterol. Recommend Calcium and limit alcohol.
Caries prevention through nutritious foods.
what are symptoms of cushings syndrome?
weight gain, broad round face, buffalo hump, hypertension, impaired healing, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polydipsia, increased bone fractures, mood swings and depression
What are the systemic side effects of chemotherapy?
alopecia, myelosuppresion, immunosuppression, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, GI mucositis
what are the three phases of puberty?
Early adolescence, approx. ages 10 to 13.
Middle adolescence, approx. ages 14 to 17.
Late adolescence, approx. ages 18 to 21.
Numerous types of hormonal contraceptives are available, containing estrogen and progestin. Delivery mode:
- Oral contraceptives (bc pills)
- Intramuscular injection lasts 12 weeks
- Patch releases hormones to prevent pregnancy
- Ring releases hormones in the vagina once a month
- Sponge round piece of plastic foam inserted into the vagina to block sperm.
absence of spontaneous menstrual periods in a female
amenorrhea
what percentage does gingival overgrowth occur in?
25-30 percent
what are the oral risk assessment of cushings syndrome?
increased melanin pigmentation, delayed wound healing, loss of collagen, skin and oral tissues, oral candidiasis
oral risk assessment of menopause
- Oral changes can be due to menopause but not common.
- Gingival changes usually exaggerated response to biofilm.
- Hormonal changes influence oral tissue response.
- May develop menopausal gingivostomatitis. May occur after removal of or radiation to ovaries.
- Changes in mucous membranes & tongue
- Tissue may appear shiny and can be from pale to red.
- Burning mouth may occur.
- Altered salivary composition (due to stress).
- Epithelium may become thin and atrophic decreased keratinization.
- Taste may be altered/salty peppery, or sour.
- Inadequate diet may contribute to adverse changes of mucosal tissue. Resembles V-B deficiency.
- Alveolar bone loss.
what can an increased production of cortisol be caused by?
a tumor in the anterior pituitary or in the adrenal gland or exogenous administration of steroids
What receptors are reduced in # in pts. with myasthenia gravis?
acetylcholine receptors are reduced compared with normal number of receptors..
this type of seizure is known as focal..it only involves one part of the brain
partial seizure
is a paroxysmal (sudden) event that results from abnormal brain activity. may involve loss of consciousness with or without convulsive movements or spasms.
seizure
Which muscular dystrophies involve facial muscles?
facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
what types of oral problems are people with pituitary disorders?
macrocephaly
macrognathia
disproportionate mand. growth; mand. prognathism
open anterior bite
large pulp chambers
delayed eruption of primary and secondary teeth
increased risk for perio disease due to growth factors and hormone imbalances
what is internal radiation?
such as implants or seeds and is placed within the body…less radiation is delivered to surrounding tissues than an external source is utilized
congenital defect or opening in the spinal column
spina bifiida
this is a progressive disorder of the central nervous system characterized by four symptoms
parkinsons disease
sudden worsening of hyperthyroidism symptoms, which can be caused by an infection or stress.. immediate hospitalization is necessary
thyroid crisis
other names for parkinsons disease?
paralysis agitans and parkinsons syndrome
this seizure affects the entire brain at the same time.
generalized
these seizures include epileptic spasms
unknown
