chapter 66 (exam 2) Flashcards
patients with respiratory diseases have increased risks for complications due to:
breathing function
medication use
drug interactions
what are many respiratory diseases caused by?
use of tobacco products
what are the anatomical structures of the respiratory system?
sinuses, nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and pleura
what type of cells line the respiratory tract?
ciliated epithelial cells and mucous secreting goblet cells
what are the two types of respiratory disease?
upper resp. tract and lower resp. tract
these types of diseases affect the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, flu
acute upper respiratory tract
this type of disease includes allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
chronic upper resp. tract
what are the more common UR infections caused by?
infections and allergies
how are UR transmissed?
inhalation of airborne droplets, indirectly by contaminated hands or articles freshly soiled with discharge of nose or throat of infected person
what does acute lower resp. tract disease include?
acute bronchitis or pneumonia
what does chronic lower resp. tract disease include?
TB, asthma, COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema,
this is an acute resp. infection that involves large airways such as trachea and bronchi.. primary symptoms are cough with or without phlegm and may last up to three weeks
acute bronchitis
what are the symptoms of lower resp. tract disease?
wheezing, shortness of breath, or chest tightness
what is the most common cause of TB?
mycobacterium tuberculosis (a rod shaped bacterium)
an infection and subsequent inflammation of the lungs, may be caused by either viruses, bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma or parasites
Pneumonia
this is a chronic, infectious, and communicable disease with worldwide public health significance as a cause of disability and death, esp. in developing countries
tuberculosis (tb)
what are the tests used to determine exposure to TB?
TST..aka mantoux test, PPD
Interferon gamma release essay (IGRA)
This is a chronic resp. disease consisting of recurrent episodes of dyspnea, coughing, and wheezing leading to bronchial inflammation and muscle contraction
asthma
what is the most common type of asthma?
extrinsic (allergic or atopic): allergic triggers from outside the body
this is an exaggerated inflammatory response triggered by inhalation of an environmental allergen such as dust pollen, or smoke
extrinsic asthma
the triggers of this asthma is emotional stress, GERD, obesity..usually seen inadults
intrinsic
what does COPD stand for?
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
what are the two most common types of COPD?
emphysema and chronic bronchitis
what is the physiology of the respiratory system?
Respiratory tract from nasal cavity to lungs/passageway for air exchg.
- Fresh air inhaled in the nasal cavity into lungs
- Exhaled air contains carbon dioxide (air that leaves the body)
- Gas exchange (at the cellular level) occurs in the alveoli at ends of bronchioles
- Cardiovascular system works w/ the respiratory system to pump oxygenated bl.
from lungs to all cells in the body and deoxygenated bl. back to the lungs.
what are the categories of respiratory assessment?
A. Vital Signs
B. Spirometry (p. 1111)
C. Pulse Oximetry (test that measures Oxygen saturation levels)
D. Chest X-ray (ck. for radiopacities in the lungs)
E. Blood Gas Analysis
F. Cytology (body cells and fluids) to determine the presence of microorganisms.
how does TB develop?
- Inhaled tubercle bacilli travel to the lung where the infection begins.
- TB can affect any organ but M. tuberculosis can survive in high oxygen, such as the lungs.
what types of oral manifestations occur with TB?
Occurs in the oral cavity from pulmonary organisms in infected sputum brought on by coughing.
- Classic lesion-painful, deep, irregular ulcer (Fig. 66-5, p. 1118.)
- You can also find lesions on the palate, lips, bm, and gingiva.
- A biopsy confirms dx. of TB.
- Glandular swelling in cervical and submand. Lymph nodes can be affected w/ TB.
What are the types of asthma?
A. Extrinsic (allergic or atopic): allergic triggers from outside the body.
B. Intrinsic (non-allergic): non-allergic triggers from within the body.
C. Drug- or food-induced (non-allergenic, non-atopic).
D. Exercised-induced: vigorous physical activity.
E. Infection-induced: lung infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
what is one of the five types of antibodies produced by the body
IgE
IgE breaks down the allergens and removes them from the body. Normally, this activity does not produce noticeable symptoms.
normal inflammatory reaction
People with asthma are believed to “hyperreact” and produce more IgE antibodies than normal. This can result in symptoms of asthma: wheezing, coughing, dyspnea.
asthmatic hypersensitivity reaction
what are the oral manifestations of asthma?
Beta-2 agonist inhalers cause a decrease in salivary flow
Dental biofilm pH and are associated with xerostomia and a possible increase in caries and gingivitis in patients.
Increase in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) with use of beta-2 agonists and theophylline, which may contribute to enamel erosion.
Oral candidiasis may occur with high dosage or frequency of inhaled corticosteroids.
Occurrence may decrease with use of a “spacer” or aerosol-holding chamber attached to metered-dose inhaler and rinsing mouth with water after each use.
described as a widening of the airways destroying the alveolar walls of the bronchioles.
emphysema
what are the signs and symptoms of emphysema?
- Difficulty breathing upon exertion
- Dry cough
- Barrel chested
- Weight loss
- Chest x-ray abnormalities
- Purses lips to forcibly expel
what oral manifestations are associated with COPD?
chronic smokers with COPD have an increased risk of developing halitosis; nicotine stomatitis; periodontal disease; oral cancer; extrinsic tooth stains.
Complex, genetic, life-limiting disorder involving the pancreas, liver and lungs.
cystic fibrosis
what oral manifestations are associated with cystic fibrosis?
- Gingivitis w/dry mouth
* To facilitate breathing: adapt chair positioning and avoid use of rubber dam.
what are the symptoms of pneumonia?
fever greater than 100.4
productive cough
chest pain
shortness of breath
visible on chest xray
what are the early stages of clinical signs of cystic fibrosis?
failure to thrive in infancy
persistent cough and wheezing
recurrent pneumonia
excessive appetite but poor weight gain
salty skin
bulky foul smelling stools
what are the late stage clinical signs of cystic fibrosis?
tachypnea
sustained chronic cough with mucus production and vomiting
barrel chest
cyanosis and digital finger clubbing
exertional dyspnea with decreased exercise capacity
pneumothorax
right heart failure secondary to pulmonary
hypertension
this is sleep related breathing disorders are usually due to chronic airway obstruction
sleep apnea syndrome
