Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Hygiene 220 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what factors affect the need for insulin?

A

Food intake, illness, stress, variations in exercise, or infections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

this is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium with a high mortality rate

A

infective endocarditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are responsible for IE in most cases?

A

strep and staph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

this is the most common disorder of the valve that causes regurgitation

A

mitral valve prolapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the types of heart defects?

A

ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, and patent ductus arteriosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how may a stable angina be precipitated?

A

exertion or exercise, emotion or a heavy meal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

anomalies of the anatomic structure of the heart or major blood vessels, result following irregularities of development during the first weeks in utero?

A

nine weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the normal blood pressure range?

A

120/80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

this is the cardiac disability, acute and chronic that arises from reduction or arrest of blood supply to the myocardium

A

ischemic heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

nicotine is released in mouth as lozenge dissolves and is sweetened with manifold

A

nicotine lozenge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when is the heart completely developed by?

A

fetal 9th week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how much nicotine is in Bidi?

A

1.5-4.1 mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

this is a complication following rheumatic fever

A

rheumatic heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what vitamins are relevant for skin and mucous membranes?

A

vitamins A, B complex and ascorbic acid (C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stage 2 hypertension range?

A

greater than 160/ greater than 100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

these are foods and beverages that lower the oral pH and are conductive to dental caries; the degree of this depends on many factors including physical form, texture, and consistency of the carbohydrate containing food

A

cariogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

this is common to treat type 2 diabetes in conjunction with diet, exercise and a s.t. injection of insulin

A

oral medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is considered the 3rd leading cause of preventable death?

A

ETS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are other names for ETS?

A

passive, involuntary, or second hand smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how much amount of nicotine delivery is in a cigarette?

A

0.7-2.0 mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

early symptoms of high BP

A 
occipital headaches
dizziness
visual disturbances
weakness
ringing in the ears
tingling of hands and feet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the pre-hypertension BP range?

A

120-139 / 80-89

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where does absorption of nicotine occur?

A

lungs
skin
oral, buccal and nasal mucosa
GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

this is a hormone produced in the pancreas

A

insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when smoking and alcohol are consumed what can increase?

A

chances for neoplasms and oral problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the functions of insulin?

A
  1. facilitates glucose uptake from blood into tissues, which lowers blood glucose level.
  2. speeds the oxidation of glucose within the cells to use for energy.
  3. speeds the conversion of glucose to glycogen to store in the liver and skeletal muscles and to prevent the conversion of glycogen back to glucose
  4. facilitates conversion of glucose to fat in adipose tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the purpose of dietary assessment?

A

identify the pt. who may be at nutritional and oral risk

refer to dietician

provide opp. for pt. to study personal deit habits

obtain picture of all types of food/preferences

study food habits

record frequency of cariogenic foods

determine overall consistency of diet

identify nutritional status

plan with pt. for necessary changes to improve health of oral mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

this type of diabetes results from the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas

A

type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

these nutrients are associated with wound healing and tissue repair

A

B complex, C- collagen formation and intracellular material and healing the tissue following scaling and rp, biotin, folic acid and pantothenic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

this test is used to diagnose with an A1c value from 5.7-6.4%

A

HbA1c

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the pH level of demineralization?

A

below 5.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how many carcinogens are in smokeless tobacco?

A

28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the two classifications of cardiovascular disease?

A

anatomic: disease of heart, pericardium, myocardium, endocardium and hearth valves
etiologic: congenital, atherosclerosis, infectious agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what type of diet encourages plaque build up?

A

soft sticky diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are some nicotine replacement therapies?

A

nicotine gum, nicotine patch, nicotine inhaler, nicotine nasal spray, and nicotine lozenge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

when does rheumatic fever occur?

A

usually 2-3 weeks after a beta hemolytic group of strep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are risk factors for IE?

A

Pre existing cardiac abnormalities

prosthetic heart valves

history of IE

intravenous drug abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how does varenicline tartrate work?

A

reduces cravings for nicotine and reduces the release of dopamine..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

this goes by age and gender, and estimates nutritional requirements for the individual

A

Estimated average requirements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

nicotine is released through skin known as transdermal delivery

A

nicotine patch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

this is the major cause of COPD including emphysema and bronchitis

A

smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

this is the most prevalent type of diabetes accounts of 90-95% patients with diabetes

A

type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is a term for excessive urination?

A

polyuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

how is nicotine distributed?

A

delivered to brain by blood stream in less than 20 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what are complications of diabetes?

A

infection, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, amputation, pregnancy comp, psychosocial aspects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what was the name of myplate first?

A

food pyramid in 1991 by USDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

In this type of hypertension, usually both systolic and diastolic blood pressures are elevated.

A

secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

this type of hypertension is life threatening that comes on suddenly with diastolic reading above 130

A

malignant hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what can tobacco chemicals be categorized as?

A

carcinogenic, respiratory toxicsnt, reproductive or developmental intoxicant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what are other common names for type 1 diabetes?

A

insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, juvenile diabetes, or juvenile onset diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Drugs most commonly used to prevent or delay blood coagulation are..

A

heparin and coumarin derivatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

is an electronic stimulator used to send a specified electrical current to the heart to control or maintain a minimum heart rate.

A

cardiac pacemaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is the most common artery associated with a myocardial coronary artery?

A

anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

hypertension is more common in what race?

A

African americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

this is transmucosal delivery: nicotine is released in the mouth during chewing

A

nicotine gum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what type of diet stimulates the tissues?

A

crunchy foods and fruits and veggies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

how much nicotine is in moist snuff?

A

0.01-7.8 mg/g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

how much nicotine is in kretek?

A

1.9-2.6 mg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

calcium makes up what percentage of teeth?

A

99% bones and teeth

1% tissue and fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what percentage of adults use some sort of tobacco?

A

25%

61
Q

how many chemicals do tobacco contain?

A

7,357

62
Q

what kind of adverse effects can smoking cause on pregnant people?

A

low birth weight
pre term delivery
spontaneous abortion

63
Q

this is NOT a contraindication to placement of a dental implant

A

well controlled diabetes

64
Q

this is a transmucosal delivery- released during inhalation or puffing

A

nicotine inhaler

65
Q

this means the passageway is open between two great arteries that arise from the heart, namely, the aorta and pulmonary heart

A

patent ductus arterious

66
Q

most common side effects of blood pressure medicines

A
  • Cough
  • Diarrhea or constipation
  • Dizziness or light-headedness
  • Erection problems
  • Feeling nervous
  • Feeling tired, weak, drowsy, or a lack of energy
  • Headache
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Skin rash
  • Weight loss or gain without trying
67
Q

what nourishes the oral tissues?

A

total daily diet

68
Q

when periodontitis is present with tobacco users what happens?

A

gingival blood flow and gingival crevicular flow are diminished

69
Q

known as the silent killer

A

hypertension

70
Q

what is the first non nicotine medication shown to be effective for tobacco cessation… approved by the FDA

A

Bupropion SR

71
Q

this vitamin is relevant for tooth structure and integrity?

A

vitamin A

72
Q

symptoms of hypoglycemia

A 
mental confusion
sweating
irritability 
palpitations
shakiness
pallor
headache
seizur 
coma
73
Q

this provides healthy eating patterns that focus on maintaining a healthy weight and includes food safety to avoid foodborne illness

A

dietary guidelines for americans

74
Q

when a patient has acitone of a fruity smell. this is a symptom of?

A

ketoacidosis

75
Q

many risk factors of this are also risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

periodontal disease

76
Q

during an extra oral exam what are some things to look for

A

breath and body odor

yellow fingers or brown tint to finger nails

wrinkling skin

lesions on lips

77
Q

are used in the tx. of many cardiovascular diseases to prevent embolus and thrombus formation (clotting).

A

Anticoagulants

78
Q

what are people with poorly controlled diabetes at risk for?

A 
blindness
kidney failure
heart disease
stroke
amputation of toes, feet, legs
79
Q

what are the three classic symptoms of diabetes?

A

polyphagia
polydipsia
polyuria

80
Q

this crosses the placenta and have higher levels than in the mother

A

nicotine and carbon monoxide

81
Q

aprox. 90% of hypertension is…

A

primary or essential

82
Q

what is a term for excessive hunger?

A

polyphagia

83
Q

what are manifestations of ischemic heart disease?

A

angina pectoris

myocardial infarction

congestive heart failure

84
Q

what are the types of insulin?

A

rapid acting, regular or short acting, intermediate acting, or long acting

85
Q

what are some diseases that contribute to CHF?

A

coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arrhythmias, congenital heart disease, thyroid disorders, alcohol or illegal drug use, HIV/AIDS

86
Q

what are the risk factors for diabetes?

A

Adults overweight with a BMI > 25 and have other risk factors like:
• Physical inactivity.
• First degree relative with diabetes.
• High risk race/ethnicity such as African American,
• Hispanic, Native American, Asian, Pacific Islander.
• Women who have delivered a baby over 9 pounds or had gestational diabetes during pregnancy.
• Hypertension (>140/90 mm Hg) or taking antihypertensive medications.
• Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
• History of cardiovascular disease.
• A1c > 5.7%

87
Q

how is nicotine directly absorbed?

A

gingiva and oral mucosa membranes

88
Q

what is the single most preventable cause of disease and premature death in the world?

A

tobacco

89
Q

what is put in the air once tobacco is ignited?

A

carcinogens (ETS)

90
Q

how are diabetes and periodontal disease associated?

A

to the inflammatory process involving the pathogenesis of both disease

91
Q

what minerals are relevant for skin and mucous membranes?

A

zinc and iron

92
Q

this is an inflammatory disease of medium and large arteries in which atheromas deposit and thicken the intimal layer of the involved blood vessel

A

artherosclerosis

93
Q

what does the numerous oral conditions attributed to tobacco use vary on??

A

the type used

94
Q

this is a nasal mucous membrane delivery

A

nicotine nasal spray

95
Q

diabetes is the leading cause of?

A

renal disease and most common cause of end stage renal disease

96
Q

what is ischemic heart disease the result of?

A

imbalance of the oxygen supply and demand of the myocardium resulting from a narrowing or blocking of the lumen of the coronary arteries

97
Q

is the emergency more likely to occur in the dental setting

A

hypoglycemia

98
Q

this is when there is any degree of glucose intolerance that is first recognized during pregnancy

A

gestational diabetes mellitus

99
Q

this results from insulin deficiency, resistance to insulin action or both

A

hyperglycemia

100
Q

what are relevant minerals for tooth structure and integrity?

A

calcium, phosphorus, fluoride

101
Q

who does rheumatic fever effect?

A

children between ages 5 and 15

102
Q

this is the cardiac disability, acute, and chronic, that arises from reduction or arrest of blood supply to the myocardium?

A

ischemic heart disease

103
Q

what is the normal range of blood glucose levels?

A

60-100 mg/dL and the hemoglobin A1c is less than 5.7%

104
Q

dietary counseling is an important part of what?

A

caries control, perio maintenance, and hygiene treatment plan

105
Q

what was the first report of a surgeon general that focused on oral health?

A

surgeon general report

specifically identified tobacco use as a risk factor for oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer

106
Q

this is the result of an imbalance of the oxygen blood supply and demand of the myocardium resulting from a narrowing or blocking of the lumen of the coronary arteries?

A

ischemic heart disease

107
Q

what can oral contraceptives do to women who have secondary hypertension?

A

may elevate blood pressure, more likely to occur in women who are overweight, have a history of hypertension during pregnancy, have a family history, or have mild kidney disease.

108
Q

what are precipitating factors of IE?

A

self induced bacteremia

infection at portals entry

trauma to tissues by instrumentation

109
Q

symptoms of hyperglycemia

A 
polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia 
weight loss
blurred vision 
increased susceptibility
impaired growth
ketoacidosis
110
Q

what is the prevalence of GDM?

A

9.2% of pregnancies

111
Q

this test measures the quantity of high glucose bound to a hemoglobin molecule

A

A1c

112
Q

which type of diabetes require insulin for survival?

A

type 1

113
Q

what vitamin is associated with angular chelosis?

A

riboflavin (b2)
folate
iron
vitamin b6 and b12

114
Q

what is a major risk factor for heart disease?

A

smoking and the development of atherosclerosis

115
Q

there is a relationship between what that affects cardiovascular system?

A

2nd hand smoke and risk of stroke

116
Q

what percentage of lung cancers is smoking responsible for?

A

87%

117
Q

what are the purposes of government standards?

A

aid in education for pts. about dietary needs and goals for health promotion

help achieve adequate diet for public

make recommendations relating to poor food habits like missed meals, leaving out essential foods and nutrients and illogical dieting

making recommendations for oral health

motivate for behavorial modification

118
Q

the most common symptom of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease

A

angina pectoris

119
Q

how much nicotine is in hookah?

A

100-200 times volume of cigarette smoke

120
Q

occurs when a person’s blood pressure falls when suddenly standing up from a lying or sitting position.

A

orthostatic or postural hypotension

121
Q

this is a drug in tobacco that is most addictive

A

nicotine

122
Q

Too much insulin (hyperinsulinism), which lowers level of blood glucose(hypoglycemia).

A

insulin shock

123
Q

what are the 5 A’s used for motivational interviewing?

A 
ask
advice
assess
assist
arrange
124
Q

this is a term for categories of reference values to meet general needs for the health population to prevent deficiencies, toxicities, and chronic diseases…established for vitamins and minerals

A

dietary reference intakes

125
Q

what are symptoms of nicotine withdraw syndrome?

A 
dysphoric or distressed mood
insomnia
irritability, frustration and anger
anxiety 
difficulty concentrating
restlessness
decreased heart rate
increased appetite or weight gain
cravings for tobacco
126
Q

stage 1 hypertension range?

A

140-159 / 90-99

127
Q

the health of oral tissues can be affected by what?

A

nutrition, diet, and food habits

128
Q

these are recommendations for the average amts. of recommended nutrients that need to be consumed on a daily basis, for nutrients to prevent deficiency

A

recommended dietary allowance

129
Q

what was the dietary guidelines for americans established by?

A

US dept of agriculture and US dept of health and human services

130
Q

in this type of defect, the left and right ventricles of the heart exchange blood through an opening in their dividing wall

A

ventricular septal defect

131
Q

this is the primary cause of lung cancer

A

smoking

132
Q

is frequently recognized only by blood pressure readings. The condition may go unrecognized because of the lack of clinical symptoms.

A

essential hypertension

133
Q

former names for type 2 diabetes?

A

noninsulin dependent, or adult onset

134
Q

what are the systemic effects of tobacco?

A

cardiovascular, pulmonary diseases and cancer

135
Q

when do most congential anomalies effect?

A

between 5th and 8th week of fetal life

136
Q

what are the characteristics of major sequel of long standing elevation of blood pressure?

A

brain, eyes, heart and kidney may undergo marked changes in function

hypertensive heart disease; enlarged heart with eventual cardiac failure

cerebral vascular accident

hypertensive renal disease

ischemic heart disease

137
Q

this is a group of metabolic diseases associated with hyperglycemia

A

diabetes mellitus

138
Q

what is a term for excessive thirst?

A

polydipsia

139
Q

with this type of diabetes, the pt. exhibits insulin resistance that impairs the use of insulin

A

type 2

140
Q

in a healthy heart flows in one direction….

A

one direction as each chamber contracts with the valves acting as a trap doors that snap shut after each contraction to prevent backflow of blood

141
Q

what are the effective combinations of nicotine therapies?

A

nicotine patch and nicotine gum or spray

nicotine patch and nicotine inhaler

nicotine patch and bupropion SR

142
Q

what has been associated with maternal smoking?

A

cleft lip, cleft palate and delayed tooth formation

143
Q

pts. with diabetes are 2-4 greater risk for more?

A

severe periodontal disease

144
Q

a device that is surgically placed in the chest or abdomen to treat cardiac arrhythmias.

A

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

145
Q

this is the second non nicotine medication shown to be effective for smoking cessation and approved by the FDA.

A

Varenicline tartrate

146
Q

what are some lifestyle modifications for hypertension and or overall cardiovascular risk?

A

lose 5-10% of body weight if overweight

limit alcohol intake to no more than 1 oz of ethanol per day

exercise daily

reduce sodium intake

maintain daily potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake

stop use of tobacco

reduce dietary saturated fat and cholesterol intake

147
Q

what is the most systematic and effective method for tobacco related conditions around the mouth?

A

extraoral and intraoral exam

148
Q

dietary assessment is important during what?

A

early tooth development and essential in preventing caries

149
Q

what can contribute to perio disease progression?

A

malnutrtion

Clinical Hygiene 220 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions