exam 1 Flashcards
what factors affect the need for insulin?
Food intake, illness, stress, variations in exercise, or infections.
this is a microbial infection of the heart valves or endocardium with a high mortality rate
infective endocarditis
what are responsible for IE in most cases?
strep and staph
this is the most common disorder of the valve that causes regurgitation
mitral valve prolapse
what are the types of heart defects?
ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, and patent ductus arteriosis
how may a stable angina be precipitated?
exertion or exercise, emotion or a heavy meal
anomalies of the anatomic structure of the heart or major blood vessels, result following irregularities of development during the first weeks in utero?
nine weeks
what is the normal blood pressure range?
120/80
this is the cardiac disability, acute and chronic that arises from reduction or arrest of blood supply to the myocardium
ischemic heart disease
nicotine is released in mouth as lozenge dissolves and is sweetened with manifold
nicotine lozenge
when is the heart completely developed by?
fetal 9th week
how much nicotine is in Bidi?
1.5-4.1 mg
this is a complication following rheumatic fever
rheumatic heart disease
what vitamins are relevant for skin and mucous membranes?
vitamins A, B complex and ascorbic acid (C)
stage 2 hypertension range?
greater than 160/ greater than 100
these are foods and beverages that lower the oral pH and are conductive to dental caries; the degree of this depends on many factors including physical form, texture, and consistency of the carbohydrate containing food
cariogenic
this is common to treat type 2 diabetes in conjunction with diet, exercise and a s.t. injection of insulin
oral medication
what is considered the 3rd leading cause of preventable death?
ETS
what are other names for ETS?
passive, involuntary, or second hand smoke
how much amount of nicotine delivery is in a cigarette?
0.7-2.0 mg
early symptoms of high BP
occipital headaches dizziness visual disturbances weakness ringing in the ears tingling of hands and feet
what is the pre-hypertension BP range?
120-139 / 80-89
where does absorption of nicotine occur?
lungs
skin
oral, buccal and nasal mucosa
GI tract
this is a hormone produced in the pancreas
insulin
when smoking and alcohol are consumed what can increase?
chances for neoplasms and oral problems
what are the functions of insulin?
- facilitates glucose uptake from blood into tissues, which lowers blood glucose level.
- speeds the oxidation of glucose within the cells to use for energy.
- speeds the conversion of glucose to glycogen to store in the liver and skeletal muscles and to prevent the conversion of glycogen back to glucose
- facilitates conversion of glucose to fat in adipose tissue
what is the purpose of dietary assessment?
identify the pt. who may be at nutritional and oral risk
refer to dietician
provide opp. for pt. to study personal deit habits
obtain picture of all types of food/preferences
study food habits
record frequency of cariogenic foods
determine overall consistency of diet
identify nutritional status
plan with pt. for necessary changes to improve health of oral mucosa
this type of diabetes results from the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas
type 1
these nutrients are associated with wound healing and tissue repair
B complex, C- collagen formation and intracellular material and healing the tissue following scaling and rp, biotin, folic acid and pantothenic acid
this test is used to diagnose with an A1c value from 5.7-6.4%
HbA1c
what is the pH level of demineralization?
below 5.5
how many carcinogens are in smokeless tobacco?
28
what are the two classifications of cardiovascular disease?
anatomic: disease of heart, pericardium, myocardium, endocardium and hearth valves
etiologic: congenital, atherosclerosis, infectious agents
what type of diet encourages plaque build up?
soft sticky diet
what are some nicotine replacement therapies?
nicotine gum, nicotine patch, nicotine inhaler, nicotine nasal spray, and nicotine lozenge
when does rheumatic fever occur?
usually 2-3 weeks after a beta hemolytic group of strep
what are risk factors for IE?
Pre existing cardiac abnormalities
prosthetic heart valves
history of IE
intravenous drug abuse
how does varenicline tartrate work?
reduces cravings for nicotine and reduces the release of dopamine..
this goes by age and gender, and estimates nutritional requirements for the individual
Estimated average requirements
nicotine is released through skin known as transdermal delivery
nicotine patch
this is the major cause of COPD including emphysema and bronchitis
smoking
this is the most prevalent type of diabetes accounts of 90-95% patients with diabetes
type 2
what is a term for excessive urination?
polyuria
how is nicotine distributed?
delivered to brain by blood stream in less than 20 seconds
what are complications of diabetes?
infection, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, amputation, pregnancy comp, psychosocial aspects
what was the name of myplate first?
food pyramid in 1991 by USDA
In this type of hypertension, usually both systolic and diastolic blood pressures are elevated.
secondary
this type of hypertension is life threatening that comes on suddenly with diastolic reading above 130
malignant hypertension
what can tobacco chemicals be categorized as?
carcinogenic, respiratory toxicsnt, reproductive or developmental intoxicant
what are other common names for type 1 diabetes?
insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, juvenile diabetes, or juvenile onset diabetes
Drugs most commonly used to prevent or delay blood coagulation are..
heparin and coumarin derivatives
is an electronic stimulator used to send a specified electrical current to the heart to control or maintain a minimum heart rate.
cardiac pacemaker
what is the most common artery associated with a myocardial coronary artery?
anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery
hypertension is more common in what race?
African americans
this is transmucosal delivery: nicotine is released in the mouth during chewing
nicotine gum
what type of diet stimulates the tissues?
crunchy foods and fruits and veggies
how much nicotine is in moist snuff?
0.01-7.8 mg/g
how much nicotine is in kretek?
1.9-2.6 mg
calcium makes up what percentage of teeth?
99% bones and teeth
1% tissue and fluids
what percentage of adults use some sort of tobacco?
25%
how many chemicals do tobacco contain?
7,357
what kind of adverse effects can smoking cause on pregnant people?
low birth weight
pre term delivery
spontaneous abortion
this is NOT a contraindication to placement of a dental implant
well controlled diabetes
this is a transmucosal delivery- released during inhalation or puffing
nicotine inhaler
this means the passageway is open between two great arteries that arise from the heart, namely, the aorta and pulmonary heart
patent ductus arterious
most common side effects of blood pressure medicines
- Cough
- Diarrhea or constipation
- Dizziness or light-headedness
- Erection problems
- Feeling nervous
- Feeling tired, weak, drowsy, or a lack of energy
- Headache
- Nausea or vomiting
- Skin rash
- Weight loss or gain without trying
what nourishes the oral tissues?
total daily diet
when periodontitis is present with tobacco users what happens?
gingival blood flow and gingival crevicular flow are diminished
known as the silent killer
hypertension
what is the first non nicotine medication shown to be effective for tobacco cessation… approved by the FDA
Bupropion SR
this vitamin is relevant for tooth structure and integrity?
vitamin A
symptoms of hypoglycemia
mental confusion sweating irritability palpitations shakiness pallor headache seizur coma
this provides healthy eating patterns that focus on maintaining a healthy weight and includes food safety to avoid foodborne illness
dietary guidelines for americans
when a patient has acitone of a fruity smell. this is a symptom of?
ketoacidosis
many risk factors of this are also risk factors for atherosclerosis
periodontal disease
during an extra oral exam what are some things to look for
breath and body odor
yellow fingers or brown tint to finger nails
wrinkling skin
lesions on lips
are used in the tx. of many cardiovascular diseases to prevent embolus and thrombus formation (clotting).
Anticoagulants
what are people with poorly controlled diabetes at risk for?
blindness kidney failure heart disease stroke amputation of toes, feet, legs
what are the three classic symptoms of diabetes?
polyphagia
polydipsia
polyuria
this crosses the placenta and have higher levels than in the mother
nicotine and carbon monoxide
aprox. 90% of hypertension is…
primary or essential
what is a term for excessive hunger?
polyphagia
what are manifestations of ischemic heart disease?
angina pectoris
myocardial infarction
congestive heart failure
what are the types of insulin?
rapid acting, regular or short acting, intermediate acting, or long acting
what are some diseases that contribute to CHF?
coronary heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arrhythmias, congenital heart disease, thyroid disorders, alcohol or illegal drug use, HIV/AIDS
what are the risk factors for diabetes?
Adults overweight with a BMI > 25 and have other risk factors like:
• Physical inactivity.
• First degree relative with diabetes.
• High risk race/ethnicity such as African American,
• Hispanic, Native American, Asian, Pacific Islander.
• Women who have delivered a baby over 9 pounds or had gestational diabetes during pregnancy.
• Hypertension (>140/90 mm Hg) or taking antihypertensive medications.
• Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).
• History of cardiovascular disease.
• A1c > 5.7%
how is nicotine directly absorbed?
gingiva and oral mucosa membranes
what is the single most preventable cause of disease and premature death in the world?
tobacco
what is put in the air once tobacco is ignited?
carcinogens (ETS)
how are diabetes and periodontal disease associated?
to the inflammatory process involving the pathogenesis of both disease
what minerals are relevant for skin and mucous membranes?
zinc and iron
this is an inflammatory disease of medium and large arteries in which atheromas deposit and thicken the intimal layer of the involved blood vessel
artherosclerosis
what does the numerous oral conditions attributed to tobacco use vary on??
the type used
this is a nasal mucous membrane delivery
nicotine nasal spray
diabetes is the leading cause of?
renal disease and most common cause of end stage renal disease
what is ischemic heart disease the result of?
imbalance of the oxygen supply and demand of the myocardium resulting from a narrowing or blocking of the lumen of the coronary arteries
is the emergency more likely to occur in the dental setting
hypoglycemia
this is when there is any degree of glucose intolerance that is first recognized during pregnancy
gestational diabetes mellitus
this results from insulin deficiency, resistance to insulin action or both
hyperglycemia
what are relevant minerals for tooth structure and integrity?
calcium, phosphorus, fluoride
who does rheumatic fever effect?
children between ages 5 and 15
this is the cardiac disability, acute, and chronic, that arises from reduction or arrest of blood supply to the myocardium?
ischemic heart disease
what is the normal range of blood glucose levels?
60-100 mg/dL and the hemoglobin A1c is less than 5.7%
dietary counseling is an important part of what?
caries control, perio maintenance, and hygiene treatment plan
what was the first report of a surgeon general that focused on oral health?
surgeon general report
specifically identified tobacco use as a risk factor for oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer
this is the result of an imbalance of the oxygen blood supply and demand of the myocardium resulting from a narrowing or blocking of the lumen of the coronary arteries?
ischemic heart disease
what can oral contraceptives do to women who have secondary hypertension?
may elevate blood pressure, more likely to occur in women who are overweight, have a history of hypertension during pregnancy, have a family history, or have mild kidney disease.
what are precipitating factors of IE?
self induced bacteremia
infection at portals entry
trauma to tissues by instrumentation
symptoms of hyperglycemia
polyuria polydipsia polyphagia weight loss blurred vision increased susceptibility impaired growth ketoacidosis
what is the prevalence of GDM?
9.2% of pregnancies
this test measures the quantity of high glucose bound to a hemoglobin molecule
A1c
which type of diabetes require insulin for survival?
type 1
what vitamin is associated with angular chelosis?
riboflavin (b2)
folate
iron
vitamin b6 and b12
what is a major risk factor for heart disease?
smoking and the development of atherosclerosis
there is a relationship between what that affects cardiovascular system?
2nd hand smoke and risk of stroke
what percentage of lung cancers is smoking responsible for?
87%
what are the purposes of government standards?
aid in education for pts. about dietary needs and goals for health promotion
help achieve adequate diet for public
make recommendations relating to poor food habits like missed meals, leaving out essential foods and nutrients and illogical dieting
making recommendations for oral health
motivate for behavorial modification
the most common symptom of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease
angina pectoris
how much nicotine is in hookah?
100-200 times volume of cigarette smoke
occurs when a person’s blood pressure falls when suddenly standing up from a lying or sitting position.
orthostatic or postural hypotension
this is a drug in tobacco that is most addictive
nicotine
Too much insulin (hyperinsulinism), which lowers level of blood glucose(hypoglycemia).
insulin shock
what are the 5 A’s used for motivational interviewing?
ask advice assess assist arrange
this is a term for categories of reference values to meet general needs for the health population to prevent deficiencies, toxicities, and chronic diseases…established for vitamins and minerals
dietary reference intakes
what are symptoms of nicotine withdraw syndrome?
dysphoric or distressed mood insomnia irritability, frustration and anger anxiety difficulty concentrating restlessness decreased heart rate increased appetite or weight gain cravings for tobacco
stage 1 hypertension range?
140-159 / 90-99
the health of oral tissues can be affected by what?
nutrition, diet, and food habits
these are recommendations for the average amts. of recommended nutrients that need to be consumed on a daily basis, for nutrients to prevent deficiency
recommended dietary allowance
what was the dietary guidelines for americans established by?
US dept of agriculture and US dept of health and human services
in this type of defect, the left and right ventricles of the heart exchange blood through an opening in their dividing wall
ventricular septal defect
this is the primary cause of lung cancer
smoking
is frequently recognized only by blood pressure readings. The condition may go unrecognized because of the lack of clinical symptoms.
essential hypertension
former names for type 2 diabetes?
noninsulin dependent, or adult onset
what are the systemic effects of tobacco?
cardiovascular, pulmonary diseases and cancer
when do most congential anomalies effect?
between 5th and 8th week of fetal life
what are the characteristics of major sequel of long standing elevation of blood pressure?
brain, eyes, heart and kidney may undergo marked changes in function
hypertensive heart disease; enlarged heart with eventual cardiac failure
cerebral vascular accident
hypertensive renal disease
ischemic heart disease
this is a group of metabolic diseases associated with hyperglycemia
diabetes mellitus
what is a term for excessive thirst?
polydipsia
with this type of diabetes, the pt. exhibits insulin resistance that impairs the use of insulin
type 2
in a healthy heart flows in one direction….
one direction as each chamber contracts with the valves acting as a trap doors that snap shut after each contraction to prevent backflow of blood
what are the effective combinations of nicotine therapies?
nicotine patch and nicotine gum or spray
nicotine patch and nicotine inhaler
nicotine patch and bupropion SR
what has been associated with maternal smoking?
cleft lip, cleft palate and delayed tooth formation
pts. with diabetes are 2-4 greater risk for more?
severe periodontal disease
a device that is surgically placed in the chest or abdomen to treat cardiac arrhythmias.
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
this is the second non nicotine medication shown to be effective for smoking cessation and approved by the FDA.
Varenicline tartrate
what are some lifestyle modifications for hypertension and or overall cardiovascular risk?
lose 5-10% of body weight if overweight
limit alcohol intake to no more than 1 oz of ethanol per day
exercise daily
reduce sodium intake
maintain daily potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake
stop use of tobacco
reduce dietary saturated fat and cholesterol intake
what is the most systematic and effective method for tobacco related conditions around the mouth?
extraoral and intraoral exam
dietary assessment is important during what?
early tooth development and essential in preventing caries
what can contribute to perio disease progression?
malnutrtion
