exam 2-study guide Flashcards
oral findings of one with down syndrome?
• Lips; child habitually holds mouth open and tongue protrudes
• Lips may be thickened, cracked and dry bc of saliva when mouth is open
• Mouth breathing common
• Tongue may be fissured and appear large.
• Palate may be narrow and vaulted.
• Teeth; delayed eruption; irregular in sequence in eruption
Microdontia and cong. missing teeth not uncommon and fused teeth.
• Class III occlusion and posterior crossbite are common
• Spacing of teeth
• Periodontal infections – more severe
• Children or young adults with Downs of have fewer teeth bc of delayed eruption, smaller teeth, supervised diet.
• But some can have a higher incidence bc of poor dietary choices, inadequate self- care, xerostomia (meds), hypotonia of oral tissues.
what type of drugs treat acute asthma attacks?
short acting beta 2 agonists such as albuterol (ventolin, levabuterol, pirbuterol)
anticholinergics- used in hospitals and emergencies
systemic corticosteroids
what plasma proteins make up the blood?
- Albumin- maintains tissue fluid pressure
- Gamma globulins- circulating antibodies
- Beta globulins- transports hormones, metallic ions, and lipids
- Fibrinogen and prothrombin- blood clotting
what are the oral side effects of bulimia?
perimylosis, dental caries, mucosal lesions, perio manifestations, saliva decrease, hypersensitive teeth, trauma to soft palate, parotid gland enlargement, bruxism, taste perception impaired
what does the D-termined program involve with pt with ASD?
pretreatment assessment
familiarization visits
practicing and learning cooperation skills
what age and gender tend to be more likely to have schizophrenia?
The onset is usually between the ages of 16 and 30.
• Men tend to develop symptoms at an earlier age
than women.
this means pertaining to, originating in, a healthcare facility
nosocomial
this type of anemia is primarily in pts. over age 60; treatment with B12 injections
pernicious anemia
what is the erosion called by acid from regurgitation?
perimolysis
what is the composition of plasma?
90% water and 10% plasma proteins, inorganic salts, gases, and substances being transported
what is Von Willerbrand Disease?
prolonged bleeding in presence of a normal platelet count
what gases make up plasma?
dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
what are the two types of hemophilias?
a. Hemophilia A (classic)
b. Hemophilia B (Christmas disease)
what is the best advice to give to a patient with an eating disorder after vomiting?
don’t brush your teeth, it is best to remineralize with alkaline solution of sodium bicarbonate solution to neutralize the acid
¼ size of RBC and active in the blood clotting mechanism
platelet
what are the different types of asthma?
A. Extrinsic (allergic or atopic): allergic triggers from outside the body.
B. Intrinsic (non-allergic): non-allergic triggers from within the body.
C. Drug- or food-induced (non-allergenic, non-atopic).
D. Exercised-induced: vigorous physical activity.
E. Infection-induced: lung infections caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
a discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising
ecchymosis
this is when a disease is from excreta or other bodily discharges
direct communicable disease
which type of pneumonia is most prevalent?
viral pneumonia
what inorganic salts make up plasma?
Sodium, potassium, calcium, bicarbonate, and chloride
what type of anesthetics are used on asthmatics?
anesthetics without sulfites
bronchodilator that relaxes muscles in the airways and increases air flow to the lungs
albuterol
what are the signs and symptoms of bacterial pneumonia?
sudden onset cough, purulent sputum high fever dyspnea, trachypnea pleuritic chest pain
what is the diagnosis process of bacterial pneumonia?
pt. history, phys. findings, chest xray, sputum sample
this is contagious, any disease transmitted from one person or animal to another
communicable disease
what substances are transported with plasma?
hormones, nutrients, waste products, enzymes
this type of respiratory disease is allergic rhinitis such as hay fever
chronic upper respiratory
Persistent, anxiety and excessive worry, not associated with life-threatening attacks.
Can be complicated by depression, alcohol abuse, or anxiety related to a general medical condition.
generalized anxiety disorder
what are the signs and symptoms of viral pneumonia?
mild symptoms
cough, sputum
mild fever
dyspnea
what are the types of anorexia?
restricting- does not regularly engage in binge eating or purging behavior
binge-eating/purging- regularly engages in binge eating or purging behavior such as self induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, diuretics or enemas
this term means labored or difficulty breathing
dyspnea
how is viral and bacterial pneumonia treated?
bed rest and fluids..
antibiotics
what are some physical characteristics of someone with down syndrome?
- Poor muscle tone and awkward, waddling gait.
- They are short with a short neck
- Flattened facial profile with a short nose.
- Eyes: Oblique slant laterally.
- Fold of the skin from the upper eyelid over the inner angle of the eye (fig. 61-1).
- Nearsighted, eyes crossing inward, cataracts are common.
- White spots on the colored portion of the eye. (Brushfield spots)
- Hands: fingers stubby, short, and sometimes palm has single transvers palmar crease.
what is the cause of viral pneumonia?
a virus
what are oral findings that may be a sign of a blood disorder?
- Gingival bleeding (in the oral soft tissues)
- History of bruising easily (pts. HH may not show blood disorder but clinical exam may)
- History of diff. in controlling bleeding (w/ordinary procedures)
- Numerous petechiae
- Pallor of mucous membranes
- Atrophy of papillae of tongue
- Persistent sore or painful tongue (glossodynia)
- Acute or chronic infections/do not respond to tx. (ex candidiasis)
- Severe ulcerations (lack of response to tx.)
- Exaggerated gingival response to local irritants (s.t. characteristics of ANUG)
A behavioral disorder where pts. have limited ability to understand communicate. Present at birth and appears during the first yrs. Of life.
•Impairment in social interaction
•Impairment in communication
•Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior
•Delays or abnormal functioning before age 3
autism
what are the oral side effects of medications of antidepressive drugs?
xerostomia along with poor dietary choices encourages growth of lactobacilli and increases risk for enamel and root caries
when is the best time to schedule someone with asthma?
morning appointments and be sure they have their inhaler with them
what are symptoms of a panic attack?
shortness of breath, dizziness, palpitations, trembling or shaking, choking, sweating, nausea, paresthesia, flushes or chills, chest pain, fear of dying, fear of losing control
These disorders result from either congenital deficiencies or clotting factors. Hereditary deficiencies have been identified for each of the coagulation factors.
hemophilias
which teeth are affected and show signs and symptoms of perimolysis?
lingual surfaces of maxillary teeth
what is the best analgesic for an asthmatic to take?
acetaminophen (aspirin or NSAIDS)
what is albuterol used to treat?
asthma
is a blood test that measures how long it takes blood to clot
prothrombin time
what are the side effects of lithim, which is a mood stabilizer used for the treatment of bipolar disorder?
xerostomia, restlessness, joint and muscle pain, salivary swelling, indigestion and bloating
this may be unexpected or situationally bound
panic attack
how is viral pneumonia diagnosed?
patient history, physical findings, chest radiograph
mental disorder marked by recurrent episodes of uncontrollable binge eating.
bulimia
this type of respiratory disease consists of acute bronchitis or pneumonia
lower resp. tract diseases
formerly known as manic depressive disorder and involves mood changes from extreme highs and extreme lows
bipolar disorder
what are the pharmacological treatments available for autism?
stimulants (Ritalin), antidepressants, opiate blockers, and tranquilizers.
what is the primary organ important for blood clotting?
liver
what are oral manifestations that can be found in a patient using an inhaler?
decrease in salivary flow and dental biofilm PH, caries, gingivitis, enamel erosion, and oral candidiasis
Chronic, infectious, and communicable disease w/ worldwide public health concerns bc of disability and death (esp. in dev. countries).
tuberculosis
what oral manifestations are associated TB?
Occurs in the oral cavity from pulmonary organisms in infected sputum brought on by coughing.
- Classic lesion-painful, deep, irregular ulcer
- You can also find lesions on the palate, lips, bm, and gingiva.
- A biopsy confirms dx. of TB.
- Glandular swelling in cervical and submand. Lymph nodes can be affected w/ TB
what is the prevalence of autism?
About 1 in 68 children identified with ASD
Occurs in all racial, ethnic, and social groups worldwide.
Frequency occurs in males 5X greater than in females.
What are the five “D” steps for learning cooperation skills?
Divid the skill into smaller parts
demonstrate the skill
drill the skill
delight the learner
delegate the repetition
what has the highest mortality rate of any mental disorder?
anorexia
this is when a disease is from a substance or inantimate objects, contaminated drinking glasses, water, insects, or toys
communicable disease
after binge-eating, when does parotid gland enlargement occur?
2-6 days..degree of enlargement increases with the frequency of vomiting
characterized by a refusal of the individual to maintain body weight over the minimal normal weight for age and height
anorexia
what are some personal characteristics of someone with down syndrome?
- Short attention span
- Impulsive behavior
- Delay in language development (can understand more than they verbalize).
- Many socially advanced and have higher intellectual function
- Many like music and have good rhythm.
- Like attention/affection/feeling of security
- Cheerful disposition
- Sociable, observant and take initiative
- Tend to imitate and are mischievous
- Sometimes stubborn
what bacteria causes TB?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
what should you do for an appt. for pt with autism?
- Provide predictable and consistent experience
- Create quiet environment free of sensory stimuli (light, sound, touch, smell)
- Avoid loud music, noisy dental equipment, and irrelevant conversations, and unnecessary touching during tx.
- Orientate pt. to equipment (may not be able to do this in 1st appt.)
- Sometimes have to do “show and tell” and repeat many times/ be patient but firm
- Can give caregiver plastic mirror and film to practice “going to the DDS” bf coming in
- Involve caregiver in showing preventive procedures
- Use rewards (stickers, picture cards, child-safe tokens or toys)
what things can cause bacterial pneumonia?
nosocomial- aerobic gram neg. bacilli (pseudomonas aeruginosa Escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumonia,…gram pos. cocci- streptococcus aureus, methicillin resistant.. s aerus)
community acquired- gram neg. cocci
haemophilus influenza… gram pos. cocci- streptococcus pneumonia)
what are the types of bulimia?
purging and nonpurging
what are the characteristics of sickle cell anemia?
Occurs primarily in African American population and white population of Mediterranean origin.
- RBC’s become “sickle shaped” due to loss of oxygen and the cells assume a “sickle” shape.
- Can cause thrombosis and infarctions
- Kidney major organ affected but some cardiovascular problems can arise
- Local anesthesia with vasoconstrictor contraindicated
- Radiographically the pt. will have stepladder trabecular bone pattern w/ large marrow spaces.
complex, chronic mental disorder.
Disturbances in feeling, thinking, and behavior significantly
impair function to a level below normal for the
individual.
schizophrenia
this type of respiratory disease is diseases of the nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, rhinitis sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis and the flu
acute upper respiratory disease
What is the composition of normal blood?
Composed of 55% plasma fluid /45% formed elements
elements are: erythrocytes (RBC), 1% leukocytes (WBC)
what does chronic lower resp. tract disease consist of?
tb, asthma, copd, chronic bronchitis, emphysema
