Study Guide Chapter 11

Question 0

James-Lange

Pure autonomic failure

• Output from a…….. n…… s….. To body fails
• people with this condition report feeling….?

Suggests that other factors are involved in the perception of emotion

Answer 0

Autonomic nervous system

Report feeling same emotions, but less intensely

Question 1

Emotion-components

1) c……..
2) a…..
3) f……

Answer 1

1) cognition
2) action
3) feeling

All aspects don’t have to occur together!

Question 2

James-Lange theory..

Frightening situation—run away—fear

• suggests that autonomic arousal and skeletal action occurs first in an e……
• the emotion felt is the label we give the arousal of the organs and muscles

The theory leads to two predictions:

1) people with weak autonomic or skeletal response should feel (more or less?) emotion
2) (increasing or decreasing?) ones response should enhance an emotion (experience)

Answer 2

Emotion

1) less
2) increasing

Question 3

According to the James Lang theory…

-emotional feelings result from the body’s actions

-panic attack= intense sympathetic nervous system arousal
Only if perceived as occurring spontaneously

The perceptions of the body’s actions do contribute to emotional feeling, however the body’s actions are….?

Answer 3

Not required

Question 4

Emotion is usually considered a coherent “…..”

Answer 4

Whole

Question 5

Behavioral activation system

Characterized by activation of the (left or right?) heliosphere, especially the frontal and temporal lobes

• marked by low to moderate arousal and tendency to approach
• can characterize happiness or anger

Answer 5

Left

Question 6

Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

Associated with increased activity of the frontal and temporal lobe of the (right or left?) hemisphere

• increases attention
• inhibits action
• stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust

Answer 6

Right

Question 7

Damage to parts of the prefrontal cortex blunts emotions

• impairs d…….-m…..
• leads to impulsive d……. m….. without pausing to consider consequences
• inconsistent preferences
• decreased gu… and tr…

Answer 7

• impairs decision making
• leads to impulsive decision making without pausing to consider consequences
• inconsistent preferences
• decreased guilt and trust

Question 8

Aggressive behaviors depend on ratio of t……….. To c…….

Answer 8

Testosterone to cortisol

Cortisol inhibits violent impulses

Question 9

Attack and escape behaviors and corresponding emotions (anger and fear)
-closely related physiologically and behaviorally

Attack behaviors!
Depend on the i……… and the situation

Answer 9

Individual

Question 10

Serotonin synapses and aggressive behavior

Impulsiveness and aggressive behavior have been linked to low s…….. release

Serotonin turnover:

• the amount of serotonin that neurons released, absorbed, and replaced
• measured by the concentration of 5-HIAA in the cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 10

Low serotonin release

Question 11

Serotonin turnover…

Experiment with mice
-social isolation L…… serotonin turnover in strains that reacted with greatest amount of fighting

Monkeys
-low serotonin turnover=more aggressive monkeys

Humans
-low serotonin turnover=history of violent behavior

Relationship between serotonin and aggression is small

Answer 11

Lowered

Question 12

Fear and anxiety!

Role of the amygdala…?

-important for enhancing the s…… Reflex

Answer 12

Startle reflex

-extremely fast response to unpredicted loud noises

Question 13

Startle reflex

Noise stimulates an area of pons that commands tension of neck.

Info. Reaches pons within 3 to 8 milliseconds

Is more vigorous if already tense

Can be used as a behavioral measure of a……

Startle response occurs within two-tenths of a second

Answer 13

Anxiety

Question 14

Response of the human amygdala to visual stimuli

fMRI studies show the amygdala responds strongly to photos that arouse fear or photos of faces showing fear

-response is stronger when the meaning is (unclear/clear?) and requires some processing

Responds more strongly to an angry face directed toward the viewer and frightened faces directed elsewhere

Answer 14

Unclear

Question 15

Peoples tendency toward anxiety does or doesn’t remain fairly consistent overtime

Answer 15

Does!

Question 16

People with genes for reduced serotonin uptake have increased responses to t….

Answer 16

Threat

Question 17

Soldiers with initial high levels of amygdala responses showed more or less combat stress?

Answer 17

More

Question 18

Anxiety depends on more than just the amygdala

True or false?

Answer 18

True!

Reappraisal as coping mechanism

Question 19

Damage to the human amygdala

Damage does not result in loss of e……

Effects of damage:

• individuals can classify emotional pictures without difficulty
• individuals experience little arousal from viewing unpleasant photos

Answer 19

Emotion

Question 20

Anxiety disorders!

Panic disorder:

• frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating, and trembling
• more common in men or women?
• possible genetic component
• 15% of people with joint laxity
• linked to hypothalamus abnormalities
• decreased GABA, increased orexin

Answer 20

Women!

Question 21

PTSD

• Frequent distressing recollections and nightmares about?
• vigorous reactions to noises and other stimuli
• not all people who endure trauma get ptsd
• smaller hippocampus=?

Answer 21

Traumatic events

May predispose people to ptsd

Question 22

Benzodiazepines is the most commonly used…?

-bind to the G… Receptor and facilitate the effects of G…

Exert their effects in the amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, and other areas

Answer 22

Anti-anxiety drug

GABA

Question 23

General adaptation syndrome

A….

R………

E………

Answer 23

Alarm

Resistance

Exhaustion