Powerpoint 4.1 genetics and evolution of behavior

Question 0

19th century monk Gregor Mendel demonstrated that inheritance occurs through discrete unite of heredity, called..? G….

Answer 0

Genes

Question 1

Both genes and environment interact to shape..?

H…. B…….

Answer 1

Human behavior

Question 2

Genes come in pairs called..? A……

And are aligned along…? C……….

Answer 2

Alleles

Chromosomes

-discovered dominant, recessive, research by pea plants, genes….

Question 3

A gene is defined as a portion of a c……… And is composed of..? …

Answer 3

Chromosome

DNA

Question 4

DNA serves as a model for the synthesis of…? …

Answer 4

Ribonucleic acid, RNA

Question 5

RNA is a single strand c……. That can serve as a…? T……./m…. For the synthesis of..? P…….

Answer 5

Is a single strand chemical that can serve as a template/model for the synthesis of proteins

Question 6

Proteins determine the development of the body by:

• forming part of the s…….. Of the b…
• serving as e……, biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body

Answer 6

Forming part of the structure of the body

Serving as enzymes

Question 7

Being homozygous for a gene means that a person has an…?

Answer 7

Identical pair of genes on the two chromosomes

=same

Question 8

Being heterozygous for a gene means that a person has an…?

Answer 8

Unmatched pair of genes on the two chromosomes

=different

Question 9

Genes are either d……., R…….., or i………..

Answer 9

Dominant, recessive, or intermediate

-eye color, ability to taste PTC

Question 10

A dominant gene shows a strong effect in either..?

Answer 10

In either the homozygous or heterozygous condition

Question 11

A recessive gene shows its effect only in..?

Answer 11

The homozygous condition

Question 12

Examples such as PTC and hair color can be misleading. it implies that..?
A single g… C………. Completely controls a c………….

Answer 12

A single gene combination completely controls a characteristic, but this isn’t always true

Question 13

Some genes are only expressed partly:— In some cells and not others

Or only under? C…… C…………

Answer 13

Certain circumstances

Question 14

Autosomal genes

Answer 14

All other genes except for sex-linked genes

Question 15

Sex-linked genes

Answer 15

Genes located on the sex chromosomes

Question 16

In mammals, the sex chromosomes are designated…?

Females?

Males?

Answer 16

X & Y

Females= two X chromosomes (XX)

Males= an X & Y chromosome (XY)

Question 17

During reproduction females contribute an..?

Males?.. That determines..?

Answer 17

Females contribute an X chromosome

Males contribute either an X or a Y chromosome that determines the sex of the child

Question 18

If an X chromosome is contributed by the male…?

If a Y chromosome is contributed by the male..?

Answer 18

X= female

Y= male

Question 19

The human Y chromosome has genes for far fewer …….. Than the X chromosome

Thus, sex-linked genes usually refer to ? Linked genes

Answer 19

Far fewer proteins

Refer to X-linked genes
-example = red-green color deficiency

Question 20

Sex-limited genes are genes that are present in both..?

But mainly..?

Answer 20

Are genes that are present in both sexes

But mainly have an effect on one sex
-chest hair, breast size

Controlled by other systems, endocrine system, puberty

Question 21

Genes change in several ways:

Mutation- a heritable change in a…? … Molecule

Microduplication/microdeletion-part of a chromosome that might appear one might appear twice or..?

Answer 21

Heritable change in a DNA molecule

Or not at all

Example= some researchers believe schizophrenia might be a result of microduplications and microdeletions of brain relevant genes

Question 22

Mono. Means it came from the same..?

Answer 22

Egg

Question 23

Epigenetics

A field that is concentrated with changes in gene expression without the modification of the … Sequence

Answer 23

The modification of the DNA sequence

• some genes are active only at a certain point in ones life, a certain time of day, etc.
• changes in gene expression are central to learning and memory
• epigenetic differences are a likely explanation for differences between monozygotic “identical” twins

Question 24

What you do at any moment not only affects you now, but produces e……… Effects that alter gene expressions for a longer period of time

Experiences alter the activity of g…. That we possess

Answer 24

Epigenetic, alter gene expressions for a longer period of time

Genes

Question 25

Heritability

Refers to how much characteristics depend on g…… Differences

• researchers have found evidence for heritability in almost every behavior they have tested
• heritability of a certain trait is specific to a g…. P………
• strong environmental influences may cause genetic influences to have more/less of an effect

Answer 25

Genetic differences

A given population

Less of an effect

• what’s the likelihood that you have a gene that will be expressed in your lifetime
• no gene found for religion

Question 26

(Heredity and environment)

Almost all behaviors have both a g…… And an e………… Component.

Researchers:

-study monozygotic and dizygotic twins to infer contributions of h……. And e……….

Study adopted children and their resemblance to their biological parents to infer h……. Influences

-identify specific genes linked to some b…….

Answer 26

Genetic and environmental component

• contributions of heredity and environment
• infer hereditary influences
• behavior

Question 27

(Environmental modification)

Traits with a strong hereditary influence can be modified by e………… i………..

Answer 27

Environmental intervention

-ex. PKU, a genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylketonuria

-environmental interventions can modify PKU
Don’t eat certain food= no cognitive destruction

-just because you inherit a gene, doesn’t mean you will express it
Environment can affect it

Question 28

(How genes affect behavior)

Genes do not directly produce b……..

Genes produce p……. That increase the probability that a behavior will develop under certain circumstances

Genes can also have an i……. affect

Answer 28

Behaviors

Proteins

Indirect
-genes can alter your environment by producing behaviors or traits that alter how people in your environment react to you

Question 29

(The evolution of behavior)

Evolution refers to a change in the frequency of various genes in a p……… Over generations

Evolution attempts to answer two questions:

1) how did….?
2) how do…?

Answer 29

Various genes in a population over generations

• physical and social environments
• regardless of whether the change is helpful of harmful to the species

How did some species evolve?

How do species evolve?

Question 30

(how did some species evolve?)

How species evolved is based on inferences from f……/c………. Of living species

Answer 30

Fossils/comparisons of living species

Question 31

(How do species evolve?)

How species evolve rests upon some assumptions:

Offspring generally resemble their parents for g…… R……

Mutations, recombination, and microduplications of genes introduce new h…….. V………

Certain individuals successfully reproduce more/less than others

Answer 31

Genetic reasons

Heritable variations

More than others

Question 32

(Artificial selection)

Refers to choosing individuals with desired t….. And making them parents of the next g………

According to Darwin, nature also selects, and successful individuals genes will be prevalent in later g……….

Answer 32

Desired traits and making them parents of the next generation

Prevalent in later generations

Question 33

(Common misconceptions about evolution)

Lamarckian evolution: “the use or disuse of some structure or behavior causes an i……. Or d……. In that behavior”

“Humans have stopped e…….”

“Evolution means i……….?”

“Evolution acts to benefit the i……… Or the s……”

Answer 33

Increase or decrease in that behavior

Humans have stopped evolving

Evolution means improvement

Evolution acts to benefit the individual or the species

Question 34

(Brain evolution)

One explanation is that our ancestors managed to get enough n…….. To provide a big brain with all the fuel it needs

Answer 34

Managed to get enough nutrition to provide a big brain with all the fuel it needs

• cooking food made it easier to digest
• group hunting was more efficient
• humans have better capacity for glucose transport

Question 35

(Evolutionary psychology)

Focuses upon functional and evolutionary explanations of how b…….. E……

-assumes that behaviors characteristic of a species have arisen through n…… S…….. And provide a s……. Advantage

Answer 35

Behaviors evolved

Natural selection and provide a survival advantage

Examples: differences in peripheral/color vision, sleep mechanisms in the brain, eating habits, temperature regulation

Question 36

(Behavior and natural selection)

Some behaviors are more debatable with regard to the influence of n…… Selection

Examples?

Altruistic behaviors?
A behavior that benefits someone other than the a….

Answer 36

Natural selection

• life span length
• gender differences in sexual promiscuity

-altruistic behavior:
A behavior that benefits someone other than the actor
-hard to find outside of humans

Question 37

(Group and kin selection)

A gene:

• only spreads if individuals with it R…….. More than individuals without it
• that benefits the species but not if the individual dies out with that individual

Group selection:
Controversial hypothesis states that altruistic groups survive better or worse than less cooperative ones

Kin selection:
More plausible. Selection for a gene benefits the individuals R……..

Answer 37

• only spreads if individuals with it reproduce more than individuals without it
• that benefits the species but not the individual dies out with that individual

Group selection:
States that altruistic groups survive better than less cooperative ones

Kin selection:
Selection for a gene benefits the individual’s relatives

Question 38

(Reciprocal altruism)

The idea that individuals hep those who will R….. The favor

Building a reputation for helpfulness only works if others are willing to c…….. With you

Answer 38

Help those that will return the favor

Others are willing to cooperate with you