8.2

Question 0

Sleep

1) sleep is a state that the brain actively p…….
- characterized by a moderate d……. In brain a……. and d…….. Response to s……

2) sleep differs from the following states:
- coma, vegetative state, minimally conscious state, and brain death.

Answer 0

1) state the brain actively produces
- decrease in brain activity and decreased response to stimuli

SLEEP IS A SPECIALIZED STATE!!!!

Question 1

Stages of sleep and brain mechanisms

sleep is a specialized state evolved to serve particular f……..

Answer 1

Functions

Question 2

Other interruptions of consciousness

1) coma: extended period of un…………. Characterized by low b…. A……. That remains fairly steady
- person shows little response to s……

2) vegetative state: person alternates between periods of s…. And moderate A…… But no awareness of s……….
- some autonomic arousal to p…… Stimulus
- no purposeful activity/ response to speech

Answer 2

1) unconsciousness, low brain activity
- little response to stimuli

2) sleep and moderate arousal, no awareness of surrounding
- some autonomic arousal to painful stimulus

Question 3

Other interruptions of consciousness

1) minimally conscious state:
one stage higher than a v……… state marked by occasional brief periods of purposeful a….. and limited s….. comprehension.

2) brain death:
No sign of b…. a……. and no response to any s…….

Answer 3

1) minimally conscious state:
one stage higher than a vegetative state
occasional brief periods of purposeful action and limited speech comprehension.

2) brain death:
No sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus

Question 4

Stages of sleep- EEG

1) the electroencephalograph (EEG) allowed researchers to discover that there are various stages of s….
- allows researchers to compare b…. A……. At different times during s….

2) a polysomnograph is a combination of EEG and eye-m……. Records
- polysomnograph– earliest form used to study a brain combo of eye and brain activity

Answer 4

1) various stages of sleep
- brain activity, sleep

2) eye-movement records

Question 5

Stage 1 sleep

1) alpha waves are present when one begins a state of R………

2) stage 1 sleep is when sleep has just b….
- the EEG is dominated by irr……, jag…, and low volt… Waves
- brain activity begins to d……

— progress into this as you “drift off” into sleep

Answer 5

1) relaxation

2) begun
- irregular, jagged, and low voltage waves
- decline

Question 6

Stage 3&4 sleep

1) stage 3 & 4 together constitute s… W… S…. (SWS) and is characterized by:
2) EEG recording of s…, Large amplitude w…
3) slowing of h…. R…, b…….. R…, and b…. A…….
4) highly synchronized n……. a…….

Answer 6

1) slow wave sleep
2) Recording of slow, large amplitude wave
3) heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity
4) highly synchronized neuronal activity

Question 7

Paradoxical or REM Sleep

1) R…. E.. M……. Sleep (REM) describes periods characterized by R…. E.. M……. During sleep
2) also known as para…… Sleep: deep sleep in some ways, but light sleep in other ways
3) EEG waves are irr……, L..-v……, and f…
4) postural m…… of the body are more relaxed Than other stages

Answer 7

1) rapid eye movement
2) paradoxical sleep
3) irregular, low-voltage, and fast
4) postural muscles

Question 8

NREM & REM Cycles

1) stages other than REM are referred to as non-R.. Sleep (NREM)
2) when people fall asleep, they progress through stages 1, 2, 3, & 4 in seq……. Order
3) after about an hour, the person begins to cycle back through the stages from stage ? To stages ? And ? And then REM
4) the sequence repeats with each cycle lasting approximately ?? Minutes

Answer 8

1) non-REM sleep
2) sequential order
3) stage 4 to stages 3 and 2 and then REM
4) 90 minutes

Question 9

NREM & REM Cycles

1) stage ?&? sleep predominate early In the night
- length of stage d…….. As the night progresses
2) … Sleep is predominant later at night
- length i…….. As the night progresses
3) REM is strongly associated with d……., but people also report d……. In other stages of sleep

Answer 9

1) 3&4
- decreases

2) REM
- increases

3) dreaming

Question 10

Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness and Arousal- Reticular Formation

1) various brain mechanisms are associated with w………. And a……
2) the R…….. F…….. Is a part of the midbrain that extends from the medulla to the forebrain and is responsible for arousal

Answer 10

1) wakefulness and arousal

2) reticular formation
- part of the pons

Question 11

Brain mechanisms of wakefulness and arousal- pontomesencephalon

1) the pontomesencephalon, a part of the mid….., contributes to cortical arousal

2) axons extend to the hypo…….., thal…., and b…. forebrain, which release acetylcholine and glutamate
Glutamate=primary excitatory

3) produce e……… effects to widespread areas of the cortex
4) stimulation of the pontomesencephalon awakens sleeping individuals and i…….. Alertness in those already a….

Answer 11

1) midbrain
2) hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal forebrain
3) excitatory
4) increases, awake

Question 12

Brain mechanisms of wakefulness and arousal - locus coeruleus

1) the locus coeruleus is a small structure in the pons whose axons release norepinephrine to a….. various areas of the cor… and i……. W……….
- usually dormant while a…..

Answer 12

1) arouse, cortex, increase, wakefulness

- asleep

Question 13

Brain mechanisms of wakefulness and arousal - hypothalamus

1) the hypothalamus contains neurons that release “histamine” to produce widespread ex…….. Effects throughout the brain
- antihistamines produce s………

Answer 13

1) excitatory

- sleepiness

Question 14

Brain mechanisms of wakefulness and arousal - orexin

1) orexin releases acetylcholine-releasing cells in the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for w………. And a……
- the basal forebrain is an area just anterior and dorsal to the hypo……..

Answer 14

1) wakefulness and arousal

- hypothalamus

Question 15

Brain mechanisms of wakefulness and arousal - GABA and Acetycholine

1) cells of the basal forebrain release the inh……. Neurotransmitter GABA
- inh……. Provided by GABA is essential for sleep

2) other axons from the basal forebrain release Acetycholine, which is ex…….. And inc…… Arousal

Answer 15

1) inhibitory

2) excitatory, increases arousal

Question 16

Sleep and the inhibition of brain activity

1) functions of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA are also important for:
- decreasing the t………. And m…….. Rate
- decreasing the s……… of neurons

Answer 16

• decreasing the temperature and metabolic rate

- decreasing the stimulation of neurons

Question 17

Sleep as a local phenomenon

1) sleep can be localized within the b….
- sleep…….: awake in one part of the brain and asleep in others
- the pons remaining in REM while other brain areas wake up: causes the in……. To move

Answer 17

1) brain
- sleepwalkers
- inability

Question 18

Brain function in REM Sleep

1) during REM sleep:
- activity increases in the po.. and the lim… System

-activity decreases in the primary vi…. cortex, the mo… cortex, and the dorsolat…. prefr….. cortex
(Cortical area decreases)

Answer 18

• Pons and the limbic system

- visual cortex, motor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 19

Brain function in REM Sleep

1) REM sleep is also associated with a distinctive pattern of high-amplitude electrical potentials known as P?? waves
- waves of neural activity are detected first in the pons, then in the lateral geniculate of the hypothalamus, and then the occipital cortex
2) REM dep…….. results in a high density of PGO waves during un……….. sleep

Answer 19

1) PGO Waves

2) REM deprivation, uninterrupted sleep

Question 20

Brain function in REM sleep

1) cells in the pons send messages to the spi… C… Which in…… Motor neurons that control the body’s large muscles
- prevents motor movement during REM sleep
2) REM is also regulated by sero….. And Acetycholine
- drugs that stimulate Acetycholine receptors quickly move people to REM
- serotonin interrupts REM

Answer 20

1) spinal cord, inhibits

2) serotonin

Question 21

Sleep disorders

1) a sleep disorder with inadequate sleep
- caused by a number of factors, including noi.., str…, pa.., di.., and medication
- can also be the result of disorders such as epil…., park…..’s disease, depr……, anx…. Or other conditions
- dependence on sleeping pills or alcohol and shifts in the circadian rhythms can also result in inso….

Answer 21

• Caused by noise, stress, diet, and medication
• result of disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, depression, anxiety, or other conditions
• insomnia

Question 22

Sleep apnea

1) a sleep disorder characterized by the inability to b…… While sleeping for a prolonged period of time
2) consequences: s……… during the day, impaired att……, depr……, and sometimes hea.. problems
3) causes: gene…., hor….., old age, obe…. And deterioration of the br… Mechanisms that control bre……
4) effects: cognitive impairment may result

Answer 22

1) Breathe
2) sleepiness during the day, impaired attention, depression, and sometimes heart problems
3) genetics, hormones, old age, obesity (tissue in throat too small!!) and deterioration of the brain mechanisms that control breathing